Accomplishing Goals

Donnaree Allison I have always been told the choices I make now are going to determine my future. Everyone goes through a struggle and I have had my fair share, but no matter how hard I knew exactly what I wanted. I wanted to succeed. I was struggling in High School and decided to give up. It didn’t take long for me to realize this is not what I wanted. By dropping out of High School I wasn’t succeeding. I thought to myself how could I accomplish any of the goals I set for myself? So I decided to enroll in Job Corps and attained my G. E. D within two months. That wasn’t enough. I wanted to go to college.Choosing a college was hard. Then it dawned on me what better college than the one my mom attended, and so I chose Monroe. Goal is a very important subject for me. I have already planned and completed some of my goals, which improved me a lot, however, my long time goals in the future are not easy as the past; it will take a longer time to complete and will be the most challenging mission for me, but with determination and hard work I will pull through. The first thing I am doing is complete my education. I plan to put my best foot forward excelling through each college course.I want to absorb as many learning opportunities and experiences as possible. In conclusion no matter how old or young one is; it is never too late or too early to start working towards an educational goal in becoming a college graduate! Like My Mother always said it is only the lack of belief in ourselves that stops us from achieving those things and it is only through our own understanding, ability and perseverance that we see them become realities until then, they are little more than visions in a crystal ball, with no chance of development.

Electronic Funds Transfer Essay

Living in an electronically controlled world today, it is not that hard to accept the fact that almost everything is primarily controlled by technology. Here comes the age when almost everything happens within a single click. Apparently, almost everything in the society happens within seconds. This has been primarily enhanced through the existence of online connections through the development of the internet. The developments of banking systems at the same time have also been pushed through. With the existence of the online trading procedures, the development of fund transfer processes also demanded several progresses in terms of creating the possibilities of handling the money the fastest way possible. To be able to meet the needs mentioned above, it could be observed that the need for express money transfers is heightened. With the many money exchanges happening around the globe regularly, the old system of money transfer that requires time and several complicated procedures of claiming the transferred funds already is being gradually eliminated in the human society. The need for a speed enhanced transfer of money could obviously not be met by the said type of fund transfers. On the other hand EFT’s or Electronic Fund Transfer gives the best possible way of sending money from all over the world towards the different regions of the world. More than that, the security of money transfer has also been heightened by this particular type of monetary transaction procedure. To be able to learn more about the said procedure of money transfer, it is necessary to know the basic information pertaining to its primary developments. How it all Began The developments of EFT’s have been primarily handled by banks who wanted to increase the services that they provide their clients with. It could be noted that through the increased concern of investors and economic enthusiasts in enhancing the processes of fund transfer around the globe gave the bankers an idea on what to actually apply in the procedures of developing the said system of money transfer from person to person and company to company transactions. At first, the development of this particular process assisted on credit transactions, the use of cards in monetary transactions and other basic procedures concerning monetary procedures of transfer. However, when the bankers found out the possibility of utilizing the benefits of online connections in this particular process, the development of the integration of online internet connections within the procedures of completing bank to bank monetary transactions has been pushed through. Now, through the internet alone, investors, businessmen and even just ordinary bank depositors could already transfer and receive funds through the internet. The said procedure of monetary fund transfer enhancement also involves several other types of other monetary transactions such as: †¢ Sale: where the cardholder pays for goods or service. †¢ Refund: where a merchant refunds an earlier payment made by a cardholder. †¢ Withdrawal: the cardholder withdraws funds from their account, e. g. from an ATM. The term Cash Advance may also be used, typically when the funds are advanced by a merchant rather than at an ATM. Deposit: where a cardholder deposits funds to their own account (typically at an ATM). †¢ Cashback: where a cardholder withdraws funds from their own account at the same time as making a purchase. †¢ Inter-account transfer: transferring funds between linked accounts belonging to the same cardholder †¢ Payment: transferring funds to a third party account †¢ Inquiry: a transaction without financial impact, for instance balance inquiry, available funds inquiry, linked accounts inquiry, or request for a statement of recent transactions on the account. Administrative: this covers a variety of non-financial transactions including PIN change. (Source: Wikipedia. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer. ) These types of transaction involves client to company, company to bank, then bank to bank communication to be able to complete the transaction transfers. It has been found out through studies system of electronic fund transfer transactions receive a considerable number of people who are able to appreciate the benefits of the said monetary transaction procedures (Davies, 1989, 34). The said system of fund transfer involves numerous communicating procedures between several parties. This is to verify the identity of the senders as well as the identity of the receivers for the sake of security purposes. The Benefits of EFT Looking through the view point of the senders of the monetary funds that are to be transferred, it could not be denied that there are several benefits that outline the entire EFT procedures making it more practical for investors, business enthusiasts as well as local depositors to make use of. The said benefits include the following: (a) Speed Most fund transfers that are assisted through electronic devices such as online bank connections and other transferring agents, the transfer time processing takes at least tow to three days if the location is just within the country, whereas it takes four to five working days when the transactions are to be done internationally. Either way, the procedures of the transfer in the case of EFT is far much faster than that of other mailing based transfer procedures. (b) Security  Since no actual money is going to be transferred from party to party, there would be fewer cases of funds being lost. Everything is tracked through network systems, enough reason for senders to be rest assured that what they sent would be received by the people that they are sending the funds to as it is. (c) Minimal Fees Since the speed is heightened, this particularly means that the parties involved in the transactions are minimized as well. Hence, the fees that are charged are much lowered down in rates that are most likely more acceptable to the senders of the money. (d) Transaction Order Details are Intact  It has been much necessary for this particular type of money transfer to keep everything on track. This particularly means that the transaction details are kept for repeated updating of the people who are sending the money to help them keep good track of their funds basing from the amount of monetary funds that they send out. (e) Money Managing assistance The tracking details of the systems actually encourage the clients to have an effective way of managing their money. It is through this procedure that they are able to assist their clients in controlling their use of their money. With the benefits mentioned herein, it could be observed that the EFT procedures indeed increase the capabilities of the senders and the receivers of money to control their funds through continuous and accurate tracking procedures. It is through this that the clients are well served by the banks through the integration of bank systems, electronic transfer and online connections. This is particularly the main reason why most business enterprises today choose to pay their investors and their employees through EFT procedures. They intend to give their employees bank cards that would allow them to withdraw their payments through ATM automation. The investors on the other hand receive their shares of the company profit in the same manner. At times, they give their accounts to the business financial administrators and then the funds are simply transferred to their accounts in time of cut-offs. The Governing Laws According to Roland E. Brandel’s book entitled â€Å"The Law of Electronic Fund Transfer Systems† (2005, 15), â€Å"the impending large influence of technological innovations within the economic advancements of the human society is indeed making a great change in the way the people used to view banking systems†. It is through the development of the said systems that the people already view banks to be one of the most efficient performing sectors of the human society. However, because of several security measures, the government along with the basic regulations of the banks has passed several outlines of procedures that should be used to be able to access EFT systems in a much safer way. It could not be denied that it is also through the existence of EFT’s that some computer hackers are able to access the identity of other people and worse, are able to make machinations to be able to fraudulently steal form their accounts through online connections. It is for this particular reason that the security measures have been pushed to the limits. Everything is highly being tracked especially when it comes to fund transfer procedures. According to Tan Beng Chye Dennis: â€Å"The U. S. Government monitors EFT compliance through Regulation E of the Federal Reserve Board, which implements the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (EFTA). Regulation E governs financial transactions with electronic payment services, specifically with regard to disclosure of information, consumer liability, error resolution, record retention, and receipts at electronic terminals. † This is only among the ways by which the government protects the funds of the people who are using the said transfer system. The security of the money that they send through electronic procedures is one of the primary concerns of the banks and the online financial companies that process the service. With the close observation of the procedures of the EFT system, it could be noticed that the authorization of who should only be involved in the transfer as well as with the receiving of the funds are held in direct tracking, this is particularly to address the safety of the fund and the efficiency of the service. Conclusion The modern day business procedures are indeed engaging in the band wagon of becoming highly high-tech in completing the services that they ought to give their clients as well as their employees. Through the existence of EFT systems, the business transactions of many multinational business organizations experiences ease at present. Book keeping procedures have been reduced and paper works have been gradually minimized. It could be observed that through the integration of the new technology with the procedures of helping the business companies perform their most important roles of providing funds to the society their jobs became much easier to complete. Moreover, the enhanced security of fund transfer procedures through electronic application and the integration of the law within the system give much promise to a more efficient service provided by the banks in coordination with the online financial assisting companies. True, technology has not only increased the efficient capabilities of the bank systems in transferring funds, it also eased the procedures of business transactions and assured the clients in receiving their money in a secure procedure. It could be observed that the expectation for a more complicated and comprehensive procedure in fund transferring processes in the future is indeed reasonable. The never-ending changes that happen in the banking systems are certainly to be enhanced for better service to the clients that the banks and financial companies ought to lend some service to. Indeed, the researches that are done today regarding this particular matter certainly would bring much better results for the business industries.

Hamlet’s Delay

Hamlet is one the most discussed dramas in English Literature. It has provoked the critics for four centuries to unravel the mystery behind Hamlet’s delay in taking revenge of his father’s death. His delay has attracted many literary critics to analyze and interpret the reasons for his inaction. The depth of characterization and the complexity of the plot have made the task of the critics more complex and complicated. A systematic analysis of the criticism helps the reader for a better understanding of the character of Hamlet, his inaction and apathy for life. Hamlet, one of the four great tragedies by William Shakespeare, is the longest and most popular. Hamlet’s delay in avenging his father’s murder, has led many to interpret Hamlet in different ways taking different approaches to demystify the dilemma in Hamlet’s mind. If ‘to be or not to be’ is the question that haunted Hamlet, it is ‘Hamlet’s undue delay’ that has troubled many readers for hundreds of years. Hamlet is an educated gentleman with refined views in an era of turbulent times when his family, state are threatened by forces that are totally beyond his control. His education has made him into a refined man making him distinctly philosophical. He addresses the questions of universal importance that have troubled many a philosopher. His preoccupation with these questions has only made him more wavering in his attitude and delayed his action. His quest for answers not only deferred his actions but also brought his doom closer to him. At first he is not convinced with the Ghost’s words and wants to have evidence. When he has got evidence, he doesn’t find moral justification for taking revenge. When an opportunity presents itself, he leaves it planning for a more serious punishment. Thus, the story gets prolonged until it comes to his tragic end. In fact, Hamlet could not reconcile with the idea of cold blooded murder as a justification for revenge. The very introduction of Hamlet is indicative of the nature of his character. He is introduced in the play still ‘wearing black mourning clothes’ (I. ii. 66). He was asked to ‘cast off his nightly color’ by his mother. Obviously he is gloomy and there is something in his mind that escapes a clear statement. It reflects his agonized and troubled mind unable to bear the grief of his father’s death and reconcile with the hasty marriage of her mother with King Claudius. He was totally devastated by his father’s death and completely betrayed by his mother’s marriage. Finding himself that ‘something is rotten in the ‘rotten state of Denmark, he contemplates suicide. His soliloquy on suicide raising questions of its moral validity sets the tone of the things that come later. (I. ii. 129–130) What we see in Hamlet is a perpetual conflict in his mind that made him literally insane though he pretends that purposefully. ‘To thine ownself be true’ is the guiding principle of his conscience in deciding ‘to be or not to be’ in the beginning, contemplating the merits and demerits of committing suicide. He feels himself helpless in finding himself in such a ruthless world and thus he laments: O! that this too too solid flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew; Or that the Everlasting had not fixed His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! O God! O God! How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world. (Act. I. Scene. I) Throughout the play we see how his world gets crumbled gradually making him more and more cynical and withdrawn. The most shocking thing for Hamlet is he could not bear the news of his mother marrying his uncle King Claudius in undue haste. It has totally unsettled his equilibrium. She married: — O, most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! (Act. I. Scene. I) When he is down with depression and shock he is advised by King Hamlet’s Ghost to take revenge. In the darkness, the ghost speaks to Hamlet claiming to be his father’s spirit. It arouses the feelings of vengeance in Hamlet and to revenge his death, a â€Å"foul and most unnatural murder† (Act. I. v. 25). Hamlet was horrified at the sight of the Ghost and by knowing how his father was murdered by his uncle Claudius. At first he could not believe whether the Ghost was real. The message of the Ghost puts him in a dilemma, as it advises him to take revenge on Claudius and not to offend Gertrude and leave her to destiny and her conscience. Hamlet gets shocked and bewildered. He does not like to jump to the conclusion of taking immediate action. He wants to confirm it by his own method of getting enough evidence against King Claudius. To confirm what the King Hamlet’s Ghost has told Hamlet plans to show King Claudius a play which has close resemblance to the murder of King Hamlet. The play called â€Å"The Murder of Gonzago† was played causing King Claudius to react which logically concludes Hamlet’s suspicion. Once his suspicion is confirmed, he wants to proceed with his plans of putting an end to Claudius. Hamlet realizes his weak mind when he feels the intensity in the expression of the dialogues of the players when they were practicing. He resolves to take decisive action and plans a trap for Claudius. Hamlet is quite successful in trapping Claudius and getting evidence from the way Claudius reacts when he watches the drama and cries out at the crucial moment. It is rather Hamlet’s personal requirement to answer his conscience that he needs clear evidence to prove what King Hamlet’s Ghost has told him. It is the hallmark of Hamlet’s character that he does not jump to conclusion without enough proof. Hamlet’s education and sensitivity and general philosophical disposition must have made him seek for valid proof against the King Claudius. But what surprises everyone is he doesn’t take the chance to kill Claudius when an opportunity presents itself. Hamlet finds his own reasons in not taking the chance. He doesn’t like to allow his murderous uncle to go to Heaven by killing him when he is in prayer. So he leaves the opportunity which is considered by many the best chance. He reasons out that the murderer of his father does not deserve Heaven. This only delays his action further. According to Dover Wilson there is no delay in avenging the death of Hamlet’s father. He feels Hamlet has acted in time. According to E E Stoll, there is no delay; it is just a convention of the play. He is of the opinion that if there is no delay, there is no play at all. All these indicate that there is delay in taking revenge. Hamlet himself feels it and it is noteworthy that he has to be reminded by the Ghost again when he was furious with his mother Gertrude. These are proof enough to prove that revenge has been delayed. When the play itself is addressing the issue of delay, it is unreasonable to say that there is no delay. T. S. Eliot, the noted poet and critic considers Hamlet an artistic failure. He says: So far from being Shakespeare's masterpiece, the play is most certainly an artistic failure. In several ways the play is puzzling, and disquieting as is none of the others. Of all the plays it is the longest and is possibly the one on which Shakespeare spent most pains; and yet he has left in it superfluous and inconsistent scenes which even hasty revision should have noticed. (Eliot) He also feels that Hamlet is dominated by an emotion which is inexpressible and is in excess. Hamlet is unable to manage his own emotions as he could not find ‘objective correlative’ (Eliot). In other words, it is a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion. Explaining his theory, Eliot says: Hamlet is up against the difficulty that his disgust is occasioned by his mother, but that his mother is not an adequate equivalent for it; his disgust envelops and exceeds her. It is thus a feeling which he cannot understand; he cannot objectify it, and it therefore remains to poison life and obstruct action. (Eliot) In the article Hamlet's Thoughts and Antics, Margreta de Grazia observes that Shakespeare wanted to create a character that ‘thinks’ and showed it through Hamlet. Shakespeare produced a tragedy of inaction- a tragedy of thought. It is performance of thought-as inaction- as DELAY’. Margreta de Grazia) A. C. Bradley considered an authority on Shakespearean Tragedy, analyses the reasons for Hamlet’s delay in his famous lectures on Hamlet. His discussion on Hamlet attracted many with his convincing reasons. He does not find any external things as obstacles for his delay in taking revenge. Hamlet has access to the King and Hamlet never mentions abo ut any external barriers. Hence citing the external factors as the primary reason for the delay in action is totally nullified. Bradley does not accept Hamlet’s reason to justify his conscience as the main reason for the delay. Hamlet is unconsciously ambivalent about this duty; Bradley says â€Å"in the depths of his nature, and unknown to himself, there was a moral repulsion to the deed. â€Å"(Bradley) Goethe’s popular view of Hamlet as a graceful youth, sweet and sensitive, full of delicate sympathies is nothing but ‘sentimental’ according to Bradley. In the same way, Bradley disagrees to Coleridge’s view that Hamlet has ‘lost himself in the labyrinths of thought’. Bradley proposes that Hamlet delays because of his melancholy. Melancholy is not the usual state of Hamlet’s mind. It is a temporary depression at the sudden loss of his father. And the subsequent incidents will only ‘paralyze him in contempt for everything- the world, the flesh and himself. ’ He justifies it and proceeds further to show how this disgust at life and everything results in longing for death and inexpressible apathy. Hamlet does not understand his own inaction and apathy and curses himself in utter disappointment over his disinclination to take revenge. There is another strong argument claiming that there is no delay in taking revenge. During the presentation of the drama on the stage the spectators never realize Hamlet has delayed his action. The depiction of the inner struggle of the protagonist rather enhances the effect of the drama on the stage. It provides variety and takes the audience along with the hero to different emotional states and keeps them curious until the end. â€Å"This is Shakespeare’s most amusing play† says, Dr. Johnson. The play shows two more characters who want to take revenge of the death of their fathers. They offer a good contrast to Hamlet’s delay. Fortinbras and Laertes are unlike Hamlet. They are effective in their decision to take revenge and are very quick in their action. Shakespeare presents these two characters offering the spectators an opportunity to understand Hamlet in a different way. When the very purpose of the drama is to present the hero in that mode there is no argument regarding his delay in taking revenge. The argument that Hamlet is basically a coward can not be taken valid at all as there are many instances to show against it. He does not run away from the Ghost as cowards do. He does not escape from the challenges especially the duel between him and Laertes. The claim that Hamlet has a physical problem will only undermine his character. If there is a serious physical problem, then he becomes a good example for medical case study, and certainly does not deserve a place in literary criticism. The interpretation that he has a serious mental health problem will not stand given the depth and meaning of Hamlet’s soliloquies. In fact, the crucial point in the play is Hamlet himself feels guilty about his inability in taking timely action. He laments at the delay and attributes that to his lack of tenacity for action. He is on the search to know why he is not able to take revenge immediately. He is at a loss to express what represses him from taking revenge. Freudian school of psychology has interpreted Hamlet’s story from Oedipus complex point of view. Though the argument is persuasive, one can not subscribe to that point. Hamlet continues to be a puzzle and his delay can be interpreted in every possible way. The endless criticism on Hamlet reminds the lines of great Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore, who says â€Å"from the words of the poet, men take what meanings please them†. (Tagore) Every interpretation focuses a new aspect of Hamlet. It is worth exploring as it helps readers to have a better understanding of Hamlet’s dilemma.

HUMAN RESOURCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HUMAN RESOURCE - Essay Example It is far too easy to hide discriminatory practices when subjective measures are used. Affirmative action was certainly needed to right the wrongs committed prior to the Civil Rights Era. Quotas, set-asides, and racial balance can only be justified in this context. In the wake of the Jim Crow Era, the American people did not have the patience to let racism die a slow death over several generations. Allowing subtle forms of racism to persist may have prolonged discriminatory practices indefinitely. While there are still people that maintain bigoted ways of thinking, I think we have come to a point were affirmative action does more harm than good. However, the only way to know for sure would be to end affirmative action and to monitor the consequences. It is perhaps for this reason that the Supreme Court has chosen to err on the side of caution and allow some affirmative action policies to be maintained for at least the next 25 years. The blatant use of quotas has been struck down, but this hasnt protected corporations and institutions from lawsuits. Just as the prohibition of discrimination has resulted in more subtle forms of discrimination, the prohibition of quotas has resulted in more subtle forms of affirmative action. Quotas will not go away until racial imbalance cannot be used as evidence of discrimination. The problem with quotas is that racial imbalance is not just the product of discrimination. There are other confounding variables aside from race. It has become apparent that socioeconomic status is a better predictor of academic aptitude. Although there are correlations between socioeconomic status and race, it is not right to perpetuate a system where performance is not rewarded. The initial effect of affirmative action was to challenge bigoted ways of thinking. Now that those deeply ingrained beliefs have been challenged and adjusted to reality, the persistence

Reflection for movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflection for movie - Essay Example The Invisible War shows that such an assumption is not only false; it is horribly skewed by the media and the government itself because rape continues to be endemic to the army and unresolved enough to persist up to the present without any definite solutions for its prevention and remediation. The film demonstrates the irony between the image and the reality of female soldiers. The film starts with a patriotic song and testimonies of women, who dreamt of being soldiers, of serving their country and feeling pride in doing so. That is the ideal image. The reality is shattered when all of these women, once idealistic and patriotic, declared that they were all raped, not just once, but many times, in the army. It does not matter if they served in the Coast Guard, the Navy, the Army, or the Air Force. It does not matter where they where during their service. These women, who wanted to serve their country so sincerely and genuinely, were raped not long after starting their services. The U. S. government and the army want to send the image that they are gender-sensitive by hiring women, but they do not protect their rights and interests at all. With rape so pervasive in the army, it is a shame that they even hire women whom they cannot protect. The media and the government are in it, in hiding and undermining the invisible war, because rape continues to rise and prevention and remediation measures are barely accessible to the victims. ... Cioca’s broken jaw from the rape she experienced needs immediate surgery, but one year after her complaint, she does not get the financial support she needs. It is heartbreaking how, as a victim, the government either forgot her or consciously wants to forget about her. I do not want to think about conspiracy- that the government is purposely trying to kill these veteran soldiers who reported about rape that involved their superiors or peers. But when Cioca talked about the medicine that the government gave her, which when combined are lethal and already killed other vets, I am now doubtful of the motives of the government. If the government cared enough for these women, why not give them the therapy and resources they need to move on with their lives, aside from putting their rapists behind bars for their entire lifetime? None of these is happening. Why? The government and the army work together in perpetuating a patriarchal world, where women are still seen as sexual objects , as commodities that can be raped and thrown aside. Instead of offering laws, measures, and controls that will provide justice and support for the victims and that will prevent rape in the army, the government only offers empty promises to those who are raped. Patriarchy is not dead. It is in the government that is blind and deaf to the support and justice needed by raped veteran soldiers. It is in the army that does not provide proactive measures to stop rape and other justice and financial support services and resources for the rape victims. Patriarchy is alive. It must be killed. And we must wage an all-out war against it before another one of our valiant female soldiers get raped. Crying for Women that Others Do Not Cry for in No Woman, No Cry Christy Turlington

The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Analysis - Essay Example The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Analysis â€Å"The oil spill threatens to create large-scale environmental disaster due to factors such as the toxic effects of petroleum and oxygen depletion in the water† (Turner 2010). The pollution caused due to the chemicals used to clean-up the oil spill can damage the food chain of the animals due to depletion of oxygen content in the water. Besides polluting the beaches around the actual source of spill, the oil could flow with the water current and move to the Atlantic Ocean. There it can pose a serious threat to the wild life, if they tend to swim to the area from other places. Thus, the spill has a disastrous environmental impact globally. The clean-up efforts are also not easy and the toxic compounds in the air caused due to the pollution from the spill pose great threat to the workers involved in the effort. This can be seen from the fact that ten workers involved in the clean-up operation had to be admitted to hospital with respiratory tract problems. The seafood industry is also highly endangered by this disaster as the commercial sea food swamps in the coastal areas of the spill can be contaminated. The spill has been estimated to have cost the fisheries industry an estimated $2.5billion as per initial calculations (Turner 2010). Tourism industry has also been hit badly as the beaches have to be closed down. Tourists have cancelled their vacation bookings at beaches which are yet untouched by the oil from the spill.

Women legal rights in Law Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women legal rights in Law - Term Paper Example In most countries, women could not participate in political activities like their male partners. In the wake of the twenty century, many groups emerged to fight and popularize the rights of women in the world. The groups concentrated mainly on the promotion of human rights and focused on the development agenda. Many women enslaved by the ancient laws came out publicly to demand their rights. Nowadays, women go to schools, hold public offices, and operate banks accounts in their own names. According to Janet (2002), women were treated differently; there were wide disparities as evidenced in arts, texts, and archeological records. Men were distinguished by the jobs they did and the positions they held in society. Women never worked; they depended on men whether they were married, single, or divorced. Women received names that lowered their authority in society. On then contrary, men had names that made them feel the importance and earned them respect. Women’s role comprised that of giving birth, but they could not make key decisions regarding the family. In the past, deformed children were murdered immediately after birth and the women had no chance to give their opinion on that issue. In the Roman Empire, the society was dominantly patriarchal; it favored men more than women. It is intriguing how the Islam treated their women. The religion of Islam relies on the teachings of Mohamed, which are documented in the holy Quran. The Quran states clearly that men and women  should be regarded as equal despite the gender differences. It states that women should respect their men, offer love, and gentleness. In Islam, women are highly regarded unlike other cultures that treat women as tools of sex. Some cultures have treated women as property to be inherited; in other cultures like the Chinese, women were buried together with their husbands. Women lived an honorable life, had the right to be

Long term project of French spirit promotion in Germany Essay

Long term project of French spirit promotion in Germany - Essay Example Initially there has been a rumor that Ubi-France intended to purchase more number of shares towards acquisition of the German rival groups. The business situation was therefore tensed, and business relationship between France and Germany stained. Such rumors have been refuted by the officials from the Ubi-France, rather the officials have stressed over the need to secure market shares and achieve customer satisfaction. The company has adopted and implemented â€Å"the use of operational ideas and successful experiences from their operations in France†, and has integrated the after purchase services with the sales network, aimed at the establishment â€Å"of a comprehensive and high-efficiency sales-service network† (Warren, 2001). The German consumer market venture has recorded sales of more than twenty thousand units on monthly basis, which is forty percent greater than the previous solo performance of the company. Ubi-France has felt victim of the sociolinguistic challenges within German market. The multinational companies including Ubi-France have been accused for their involvement in such practices which generate â€Å"creativity-driven shock values, controversy and extreme individualism commonly accepted in the North American and Western European markets†. Ubi-France has experienced severe tribulations due to its â€Å"advertising language as culture-blind and bona fid†, and German market created great hurdle for the industry. It has been important for the company to implement congruence of the values, and avoid the existence of the cultural values in the organization in an implicit manner. It has been observed that the categorization of the organizational, departmental and employee values and behaviors on the basis of the cultural affinity has generated satisfaction among the employees, and has developed positive impact on their â€Å"commitment, absenteeism, turnover, mora le and

Critical Power Grid Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Critical Power Grid Security - Essay Example More than 140 million customers in America rely upon the 3 linked sectors of over 3,200 utilities of electric distribution, ten thousand plus, generating units as well as tens of thousands of transmission miles which make up the power grid of the United States of America (LISA, 2013). With 500,000 people in average by United States Power Grid outages every day, it is quite safe to describe the power grid as reaching its capacity as well as weakening with age and infrastructure that is declining as the key culprit (Massoud & John, 2008). The experts are becoming worried for a good reason. The US outages costs running to billions of dollars, the unpredictability as well as the unease for the infrastructure and the absence of physical security, has been leading to uncertainty amongst users of power especially in large scale, for instance data centers, institutions, manufacturing firms. Most power users as a result are being forced to become more innovative and come up with alternative s ources of power (LISA, 2013). Within the past one year alone, there has been instances documented, for instance, Superstorm Sandy, within which weaknesses of the electric power grid got to be exposed or within which officials like those within Texas had to step in so as to avert a possible blackout. With regard to this, a number of industries were forced to shut down or limit operations leading to huge problems from customers as well as the public. The greatest power consumers are among the very first to feel a waning grid pressure. In case of an absence of connectivity to generator failures as well as everything in between, this aging power infrastructure is intimidating to hurt businesses as well as individuals in more than one way. The original pathways of the electric power grid similar to those of the highway system were put in place during early the 20th century. In addition, most utility companies still have structures which have run for about 50 to 70 years. It is so

The perception of color Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The perception of color - Research Paper Example The Development of Color Vision in human beings, and the eye itself, is a remarkable evolutionary process. The human eye itself did not develop in a linear straightforward manner. It most likely began as a light sensitive pigment on smaller creatures and then became more differentiated creating light sensitive structures that began to be dispersed inside of a the forming eyeball to become the retina. At first the retina was most likely a movement sensor but over time the ability to delineate details and the ability to see color was developed. (Gordon) The evolution of the eye is a standard development in all vertebrates as well as many non-vertebrate species as well.But what exactly is color? Color and light go together and are inseparable companions. One object can emit light and another object can reflect that light. The former is usually undergoing some chemical reactions that create color and is dependent on the material it is combusting for the color spectrum it emits, objects s uch as the sun, or a light bulb for example. The latter objects which reflect light are a combination of the color range of light hitting their surfaces and the reflective properties of their surfaces. For instance, the leaves of most trees reflect green light because of the chemical chlorophyll, which fuels photosynthesis, however they are also designed to absorb the spectrum of red light which activates the chemical reaction turning carbon dioxide into breathable oxygen. There is also a considerable variance of color by the perceiving entity. There is a wide variety in the range of vision across many different organisms, largely dependent of possible evolutionary and ecological needs. This ranges from seeing only in black and white to an even broader distinction of colors than humans possess. for instance, the ability to see into infra-red or ultraviolet wavelengths â€Å"†¦ color is a heterogeneous collection of perceptual concepts generated from wavelength-sensitive data f or a variety of specialized purpossess by cognitive systems with different neuro-computational structures and evolutionary histories.† (Matthen 186) Humans possess what is known as trichromatic vision. Tri (three) and Chroma (color). Our human eyes have three color receptors that are individually sensitive to red, green, and blue light . While dcecptively simple these three receptors allow humans to distinguish about 2.3 million different varieties of colors. (Kleiner 12) The following figure is a photoreceptor nerve grouping: Figure 2: Photoreceptor Grouping (Farndon 57) There are two types of light-sensing cells: (1) rods, which are used in most low light situations and distinguish between differing shades of grey and the three kinds of (2) cones, that are sensitive to the color spectrum to the particular wavelength of light as described previously. (Savage) Humans actually perceive quite a very narrow range of the electromagnetic spectrum, from 400 to 700 nanometers. Figure 3: Electromagnetic Range of Human Vision, Rods & Cones (Color Vision A) Trichromatic vision is actually a bit of a rarity when you consider a species wide analysis of all organisms that have optic nerves and eye, even just among the mammals only a few possess trichromatic vision. When comparing dichromatic species, those who perceive only the blue and red zone of the spectrum, with trichromatic species there is no apparent Darwinian direct line of descent. (Matthen) The following figure is a simplistic rendition of this concept: Figure 4: Divergence of color perception over time (History of biological Evolution 2007) Why develop this extra range of color vision, or for that matter why develop color vision at all? Some researchers believe that a declining sense of smell in came hand in hand with the rise in color vision. This newly developed perception allowed those species with color vision to detect edible fruit from greater distances thus improving their change for

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 19

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Majority of these stores are found in America, and the number is 12,218 stores. China is also a lucrative market for Starbucks, and the company has opened 1,330 stores. Starbucks offers products such as cold or hot beverage, coffee, pastries, snacks, etc (Pahl, 2008). This means that the company has diversified, and this is through the many services it offers. Initially, the main reason for the formation of Starbucks was to sale the coffee drink (Simon, 2009). This diversification strategy of Starbucks is also seen when the company decided to offer wines, beer and appetizers. The target markets of these products are people who want to relax in the evenings. Pahl (2008) explains that some of the products of Starbucks are found within a particular location, and this is mainly because it offers some services and products at specific seasons. These products have also been designed, to serve a specific market. Starbucks does not only sale its coffee, in its stores, but it also sales them at various retailing organizations, and grocery stores (Pahl, 2008). Through this strategy, it is the intention of Starbucks to reach a large market base. Organizational culture is generally the unique combination of values, norms, morals, beliefs, and techniques or ways of behavior that characterizes the way individuals or large groups of individuals combine to have things done in an organization (Gurski, 2013). Schultz & Gordon (2011) explains that organizational culture is the norms and activities that people are able to engage with, within the organization. Through this definition, we are able to know that organizational culture is the internal environment of an organization, which regulates then manner which people within the organization are able to interact with one another, and other stakeholders of then organization (Michelli, 2007). Culture is very important in every company, for example

Milk and Fresh Fruit Juice Essay Example for Free

Milk and Fresh Fruit Juice Essay Breast milk can be produced fresh or can be frozen for use at a later date. Breast milk can be left for up to five days in a fridge with a tempeture of 4 degrees Celsius or lower, it can be left up to two weeks in the freezer compartment of a fridge. If the breast milk is frozen it can be left up to six months in a freezer with a tempeture of at least minus 18 degrees Celsius. It is recommended by the department of health that formula milk should be made fresh rather than made up in advance, for more convience liquid formula can be bought. If liquid formula isn’t available then a flask with boiling water can be made so formula can be made when needed. EYMP3-5. 2 It is important to follow carer’s instructions regarding dietary requirements as some children will have severe reactions to some food. Diabetic children will have specific dietary requirements that need to be followed carefully because if not could lead to the child having low or high blood sugars. Children that have food intolerances may get diarrhoea if they are given foods that they are intolerant to. Children with known allergies should be supervised whilst eating. The signs of an allergic reaction are; swelling of the lips and eyes, redness of the face or other parts of the body. They could also start to itch or have difficulty breathing. Children with a severe may be prescribed an epi pen and training should be given before administrating. EYMP3-5. 3 CULTURE| DIETARY REQUIREMENTS|. Hindu| Mainly vegetarianSome lambPork rarelyNo beefSome chickenSome cheeseNo milk or yoghurt with rennetSome eggs and shellfishNo fast periods| Muslim| Halal lamb, beef and chickenNo porkSome cheeseNo milk/yoghurtHalal fish/shellfishFast during ramadan| Christian| Some lambNo porkSome beef and chickenMost cheese/milk/yoghurt/eggsSome fishNo shellfishNo cocoa/tea/coffeeNo fast periods| Jewish| No PorkKosher Beef/chicken/lambNo cheese or milk with meatNo blood spots in eggsNo ShellfishFish with fins and scalesFast periods on Yom Kippur for adults| Sikh| No beefPork rarelySome lambSome chicken and cheeseSome fish and shellfishMilk/yoghurtNo fast periods| Buddhist| Mainly vegetarianEating fish and meat is allowed in Buddhism, though vegetarianism is encouraged. Buddha advised the monks to avoid eating ten kinds of meat for their self-respect and protection: humans, elephants, horses, dogs, snakes, lions, tigers, boars and hyenas. Some animals attack people when they smell the flesh of their own kind. Tibetans will not ever eat fish, and usually stay away from foul. The reason is that different kinds of meat supposedly give different kinds of obscurations. Fish, the obscuration of aggression; foul the obscuration of desire; and red meat the obscruration of ignorance. Evidently, they would take the ignorance over the others. Also, it was generally better to eat red meat because the animal killed was very large and only one life had to be taken to feed many people; with fish, you usually have to take many more lives to fill the same number of stomachs. | Rastafarian| Some lambNo porkSome beef, chicken, cheese, milk yoghurtNo shellfishNo fast periods| EYMP 3 – 5. 4 Educating children in food management and portion control is very important as eating habits developed in childhood will continue into later life. Education starts with the parents and it is in the home where all children’s eating habits are formed. Leaflets should be given to parents when they give birth about properly feeding their children and the importance of nutritional value of food. Nurseries and schools should give regular newsletters to parents with the importance of nutritional value in foods. Educational establishments should educate children and parents about the importance of portion control and ensure that correct portion sizes are given. This message can be reinformed with smaller plates. Health Visitors, school nurseries, health professionals and dieticians are all crucial in spreading the message to children and parents about the importance of healthy eating and portion control. They are also crucial in checking that children are gaining weight healthily but not too much. Encouraging lots of physical play in school/nursery will help in keeping childrens weight under control. Educating children in the importance of not bullying other children who are overweight is also very important. SHC 32 – 1. 1 Job description Look after children and ensure they are kept healthy and safe Ensure all health and safety guidelines are strictly adhered to Carry out risk assessments before any new activities/toys are introduced Devise educational and fun activities for children from age 4 to 11 Supervises activities Supervise children Read to the children Supervise toilet trips Prepare healthy and nutricious snacks for children Keep play areas clean and tidy Assist children with homework Baking with the children SHC 32 1. 2 I am expected to follow the following codes of practice: Safeguarding – ensuring that the children are kept safe whilst in our care and also be very observant as to what happens when the children are not in our care, ie if the children arrive with bruises or if they are upset, shaken or distressed when they arrive or as they are leaving. Also to make sure that other staff treat all the children well and do not mistreat any of them. Whistleblowing Policy – ensuring that if there is anything that we do not feel comfortable about, for example if we feel that one of the staff members are behaving inappropriately towards any of the children, we are expected to report this to our Manager to ensure that action is taken to prevent further mistreatment. Health Safety at Work Act – acting responsibly in the environment in which we work. Ensuring that we follow all guidelines to keep our work place safe and that we keep ourselves, our colleagues and the children safe. National minimum standards – EYFS Welfare Requirements – ensuring that children are developing properly in line with targets set for their ages. National Occupational Standards – Ensuring that we conform to best practice set within the industry to make sure that we are complying with standards set. SHC 32 2. 3 Working practices may be affected if hypothetically my Manager decided that a game of hopscotch was not appropriate for the young children to play but, as a younger person, I believed that it was a safe game to play. I would have a discussion with my Manager and explain why I thought it was safe and my Manager would explain that she had carried out a risk assessment for Hopscotch and decided that it was inappropriate. In a previous role, I did not agree with the way a member of staff disciplined young children when she was unhappy with their behaviour. She shouted at the child without coming down to their level or explaining what the child did. I was uncomfortable with this and brought it to the attention of my Manager who addressed this with the member of staff. This gave me the confidence and experience to ensure that I was very aware of the way my colleagues behaved and to take appropriate action when required. SHC 32 4. 1 I have regular meetings with my Supervisor to discuss how I am progressing within my role and any feedback from parents or colleagues is passed on to me. I have regular meetings with my Manager to discuss my progression where I am asked if I need any additional help or whether I have any comments as to how we can make things better. I regularly meet with my colleagues to discuss planning and how we can make things better for the children and planning activities for the different age groups to ensure all our activities are consistent with each other. I have regular appraisals to monitor my progress and to give and receive feedback about my role and development. I have a college tutor who is there to help me develop my role, develop as an employee and develop my skills as I work towards my Level 3. I frequently research new activities and legislation on the internet to consistently develop. EYMP 4 – 4. 1 It is key to review my practice to ensure that I am fully up to date with latest legislation as things change so frequently and it is important that children are always kept safe and parents are always kept fully informed. It is important to think critically about what I do in my work and analyse how I do it and why I do it that way and asses the effectiveness of what I am doing at work and how I can become more effective. It is something that we need to do regularly to get a clearer picture of what we do in our roles and assess whether we are being really effective.

The Honeys Learning Cycle Nursing Essay

The Honeys Learning Cycle Nursing Essay This essay will discuss why I think an understanding of learning styles is useful to the student nurse by focusing on reflection using the Honeys learning cycle and how it helps to demonstrate the importance of recognising ones learning styles. It will provide an understanding of learning and theories of learning. It will also discuss my dominant learning style and how I will develop an aspect of my weaker style to support my learning process on the programme. For the student nurse to understand and identify their learning style, he or she has to understand the theories of learning. Gould, J. (2009) stated that different theorists will have different ideas as to what constitutes learning and different arguments and evidence to support their position. Learning has so many definitions. Learning can be defined in various ways depending on whether one is focusing on learning as an internal process or one is thinking of learning as a series of external inputs and output. Since there is no simple way to define learning, I would describe learning as the process of acquiring, interpreting and understanding information through various ways at any place and given time such as life experiences, formal and informal education. Therefore, learning can be described as an input, process and product. Peter honey (2006) described learning as a skill that needs to be consciously reviewed and developed. Pavlov (1927) and Skinner (1953) used the behaviourist approach to establish that learning is a change in behaviour brought about by some action or experience. (Cited by Gould Jim, 2009). From a cognitive perspective, learning can be defined as a change in cognitive structures; the way in which we perceive events and organise experiences to arrive at an understanding. (Gould Jim p 46). Eysenck and keane (2005) states that learning is concerned with the internal process of the environment, and deciding what action might be appropriate. Many researchers have adopted Kolbs (1976) experiential learning theory and applied it to different educational areas because it explains more about the learning theory. It is useful for the student nurse to familiarise ones self with the learning cycle, as it helps to understand the process of learning. Peter Honeys learning cycle suggests that we learn through an experience, but only if we process or interpret the experience and make sense of it. These can be done by following the stages of the learning cycle which includes having an experience, reviewing the experience and planning the next step. For instance when the student nurse goes on placement, one is expected to adhere to the necessary nursing midwifery code of conduct by delivering effective and quality care. To do this, one has to reflect on ways to develop new skills and ways do things differently. For example, Mr Y made a complaint that your level of communication is poor. To reflect on the situation, review the experie nce you had with Mr Y by asking yourself what you did wrong and observe the way your colleagues, mentor and other healthcare workers communicate with other patients. Then focus on the differences you observed between the way you and your mentor approached the patient. And conclude by learning what your mentor did differently e.g body language, tone, speech, good eye level. One has to have critical thinking skill in order to be able reflect on experiences (p.25). Moons (2008) states that critical thinking for us is a process, where different information is gathered, sifted, synthesised and evaluated, in order to understand a subject. He went on to suggest that the ability of a nurse to think critically will enable the nurse to function as a knowledgeable doer i.e. someone who selects, combines, judges and uses information in order to proceed in a professional manner. (Cited by bob p.8.) Bob argued that reflection is a process whereby experience is examined in ways that give meaning to interactions. Therefore, the student nurse has to evaluate and understand the subject or experience before he or she interprets it. The learning cycle can begin at any one of the four points and it should be approached as a continuous process since the four stages of the learning cycle are mutually dependent on another (Honey 2006 p.6.) People have preferences for everything. Since individuals learn at different rates and in different ways, there is a very high possibility that they would have a preferred style or way of learning. Learning styles are the preferred ways we perceive and interact to the various elements and in any learning situation. Different things affect the way we learn e.g. background, culture, religion etc. For example some students enjoy listening to a lecture and making their own notes, while others who also enjoy listening to the lecture prefer to have handouts to read at a later time. Peter honey identified four main learning style preferences. These learning styles include activist, reflector, pragmatist and theorist. Since most people develop strategies to help cope with studies and work, it is important for the student nurse to recognise ones learning styles or methods in order to maximise the way one will learn. Learning style preferences influence the way a student responds to the learning opportunities within any educational experience and affects their ability to direct their own learning. (Oshea, 2003). Our preferred style of learning influences the way one will tend to organise and present information. Student nurses will find understanding learning styles useful because it will help improve their skills in placement or in their future nursing career by broadening their repertoire. Recently, it has been established that nurses who want to specialise in areas require a broad skill base involving advanced technical expertise, critical thinking, communication, leadership and motivation, computer literacy and cultural sensitivity (Bechtel et al 1999). Recognising ones learning style encourages the student nurse to reflect and learn from any experience one might face during practice placement and also, enable the student nurse to create ways of doing things differently and better if the experience were to happen again. Frankel, A.  (2009)  stated that a skilled and competent workforce ensures patient safety, and will be able to recognise and respond to clinical need more appropriately. Awareness of ones learning style allows one to learn at best whether learning is taking place in the classroom or at placement. Terry (2001) stated that learning styles and the promotion of effective learning environments have been a focus of research for many decades (cited by Wetzig 2004 p.2). According to (Frankel 2009) study, the ability to learn, understand, interpret and then apply learning to practice has a significant impact on delivering effective clinical care. The student nurse is always faced with different challenges or experiences in placement; it is therefore the responsibility of the student nurse to reflect on his or her role during placement. This process is called reflection on action (evaluation) and reflection in action (decision making). Evidence suggests that through improving students awareness of their own learning style, they are better able to take responsibility for their own learning, which leads to improved learning outcomes (Fritz 2002). It is also the responsibility of the student nurse to work alongside the mentor and other health care workers to maximise ones potential. The literature review according to (Frankel 2009) supports the view that consideration for individual learning styles is fundamental in designing effective training programmes and that learning is a key concept and value which underpins nursing and its development. Kolb (1984) identified four distinct learning styles based on a four-stage learning cycle. Building on Kolbs work, Honey (2006) developed the Learning Styles Questionnaire to help identify ones learning style. Using the learning style questionnaire (Honey, 2006), I have been able to identify my learning styles as a theorist and reflector because these are the best ways am able to learn new things or skills. My dominant learning styles emerged after completing the questionnaire, my highest overall score (10) was for the Theorist category, these indicates my dominant learning style, while, the reflector category represents my predominant learning style. I believe these findings to be true as I am able to remember or visualise ideas in my head from diagrams, tables and mind maps. I take thorough notes in lectures and when studying textbooks and I usually study better by myself. As a reflector, I like to think and look at a situation from different perspectives before taking any action. I am always quiet and always try to listen attentively in order to grasp what the teacher is saying. Researching and reviewing information carefully has always been my way of study before coming to any conclusions or decisions. I was also able to identify my weaker styles as an activist and pragmatist. Knowing my underutilised learning style can help me as a student nurse to get the necessary help I require and to undertake activities to develop the weaker learning style. Honey (2006) argued the best learners are equally comfortable with all the stages in the learning cycle. Therefore, it is important to strengthen ones weaker styles to be able to learn as whole because having preferences can lead to distortions. Cottrell (2003) advises that whether you discover that you have a learning style preference or not, it may change because we are adaptable creatures (cited by davis Nicholas p.8). Effective learners make full use of their dominant preferences, while also developing and acquiring useful features from their underutilised styles. In nursing, learning occurs best in practice by preparing oneself to undertake other learning styles such as reflecting on the experience you had in placement. This will enable the student nurse to make the most out of the experience. (Nicola p.80). As a student nurse, my learning occurs both in the university and within practice, so I need to be prepared to learn in more than one way. I will consider investing more time and energy in the parts of the learning cycle that I am least comfortable with. I will ensure that I am aware of the activities that both an activist and a pragmatist will learn best and least from. The ways to strengthen my activist style is by taking calculated risk, increasing my tolerance for spontaneity and trying out different ways of doing things, while the ways to strengthen my pragmatist style is by being realistic, exploring new ideas and judging the usefulness of ideas based on practicality. I will also seek for help and support from the university and course tutor.

Public Schools then And Now Education Essay

Public Schools then And Now Education Essay Desegregation of the nations public schools was mandated by the Supreme Court on May 17, 1954 with the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling. Nine years later, racial tensions related to segregation reached a critical point. Early in 1963, the Alabama Governor George Wallace kicked off his reign by stating segregation now, segregation tomorrow and segregation forever (Elliot, 2003). Later that year, Wallace would stand in the doors of the University of Alabama in an attempt to physically prevent African-American students form enrolling. Civil rights leaders championed Wallaces failures as a victory for school desegregation and proof that the movement was progressing. Wallaces failed attempts did not kick start the movement as most civil rights leaders had hoped, however. In 1975, Marian Wright Edelman (1975) of the Childrens Defense Fund in Washington, DC, wrote: The current status of school desegregation is complex. Twenty-one years after Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, school desegregation is caught in a crossfire of opposition. There are those who have always opposed it; those who say they are for it but eschew the means to achieve it; those who feel the costs of achieving it are not worthwhile because the early experiences have not produced instant brotherhood or IQ gains; and those who, after twenty years of resistance, struggle, and mixed progress, pronounce it irrelevant and a failure because three hundred years of slavery and segregation have not died by decree. Edelman went on to conclude that if school desegregation continued to progress t the same pace as housing desegregation in the 1960s, then America would see schools desegregated in about twenty-five decades. While the ruling most often regarded as the foundation for school desegregation is Brown v. Board of Education, not much changed in public schools following the Supreme Court decision. A full decade following Brown saw less than one percent of black students in the south begin attending previously all white schools. It was not until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed that desegregation began transforming the face of public schools, especially in the south. While the broad language of the legislation gave minorities the right to file suits forcing desegregation, Title VI of the Act allowed the federal government to withhold funding for any programs that discriminated against students based solely race. By the end of 1968, the percentage of black students in the south enrolled in previously all white students had climbed to twelve percent. By 1973, these numbers had climbed from less than one percent in 1964 to over forty-six percent (Edelman, 1975). While the desegregation movement has hit stumbling blocks along the way, the policy has long been instituted in the nations public schools. What have been the results? Some would argue that todays public schools are more segregated than schools prior to Brown. Much of the discussion about school reform in the United States in the past two decades has been about racial inequality. While goals of the No Child Left Behind Act and institution of high stakes testing in high schools have been to end a perceived low-expectation from all students, especially minority students, a disproportionate number of the schools being officially labeled as failures have been segregated minority schools. Inner-city school systems are making major efforts to break large segregated, high-poverty high schools into small schools. This is being done in an attempt to create schools better equipped to reduce inequality. Some argue that charter schools and private schools could substantially reduce racial inequa lities, even though both of these settings often create more segregated schools than traditional public schools. Additionally, Harvard University researchers have found no evidence to support claims for either of these school settings (Orfield Lee, 2005). Even so, court orders and plans for equal opportunity and desegregated schools are being challenged in court and sometimes terminated. Leaders of the small number of high achieving segregated schools in some inner-cities are being heralded as proof-positive we can have educational success within the context of existing segregation (Thernstrom, 2003). It appears that the new movement champions the idea that separate schools can be equal. In fact, since the 1980s, there has been increasing segregation among both African-American and Latino students. A common misconception over the issue of re-segregation of schools is that many people view segregation as a simple change in the skin color of the students in a school. If skin color were the only variable and other issues associated with inequality were not linked to varying skin tones, then skin color would be of little or no significance to social policy, including educational policy. In our society, however, no issue is so simple. Race is linked to many other issues in society. Like some experts, I take the position that schools today are more segregated than schools of yesterday, but not necessarily by race. Instead, it is socioeconomic status of families and students that have led to segregation by income in many cases. Socioeconomic segregation multidimensional and causes much of the educational inequality in todays society. Our nations schools contain less Caucasian students than ever. Forty-one percent of all students are not white and the great majority of the nonwhite students attend schools which show substantial signs of socioeconomic segregation (Orfield Lee, 2004). Achievement scores are strongly linked to school racial composition the presence of highly qualified and experienced teachers (Schellenberg, 1999). The high level of poverty among children, together with many housing policies and practices which exclude poor people from most communities, force families living in poverty into inner-city neighborhoods with housing projects or low-value property. This geographical isolation of low-income families mean that students in inner-city schools face isolation not only from more prolific community members, usually white families, and from middle class schools. With only access to poverty-st ricken schools, children from poverty have limited access to resources that will help break the poverty cycle. Because of this, minority children are far more likely than whites to grow up in persistent poverty. Another reason for the apparent re-segregation of schools is immigration. African-American students are no longer the most prolific minority. As the number of black students grew slowly during the last 15 years, the number of Latinos and Asian students exploded. Proportionally speaking, white enrollment continuously declined. The total number of white students did not decrease, but the percentage of white enrollments compared to minority enrollments has continued to fall. Latinos are now the largest minority group at 18 percent, closely followed by black students at 17 percent. Together, these two groups are now more than a third of the total student population (Orfield Lee, 2005). African-American and Latino students comprise at least 30 percent of the student population in most of the states. Asians now outnumber black students in some regions of the West while Latinos are the most prevalent minority in the Northeast. With the decrease in white students and the increase in minority presence in education, one may conclude that segregation should be a non-issue. It is important to understand that segregation was never just a black-white problem. It was never just a Southern problem and most definitely not just a racial problem. By the time Dr. Martin Luther King organized his last movement, the Poor Peoples Campaign, his approach was openly multiracial, emphasizing poverty as well as racial discrimination. Just a few days before his assassination, Dr. King addressed this issue directly by saying that it was absolutely necessary now to deal massively and militantly with the economic problemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. So the grave problem facing us is the problem of economic deprivation, with the syndrome of bad housing and poor education and improper health facilities all surrounding this basic problem (Washington, 1986). This raises some intriguing questions. What would have happened if Dr. King had not died s o abruptly? Would the relationship between racial and economic isolation have been brought to the forefront of American politics? Would desegregation of public schools actually have addressed the issue at the heart of student performance, socioeconomic status not race? In the purest sense of the words, the civil rights movement was never about blacks sitting next to whites on busses or in restaurants. It was about equalizing opportunities. Opportunities for education are of the utmost importance. If high poverty schools are systematically unequal and segregated minority schools are almost always high poverty schools, it is much easier to understand how schools segregated on the basis of socioeconomic status do not provide the same equal access to educational opportunities as non-segregated schools. Plans must be enacted to addresses what some educators and sociologists have long known to be the greatest barrier to equal educational opportunity: poverty. We must recognize that separate schools for rich and poor are, by design, unequal. Consideration of socioeconomic status also makes sense in the broader context of school desegregation. While it is inappropriate for todays educational leaders to say that predominantly black schools are inherently in ferior or that blacks need to sit next to whites in order to learn, it needs to be understood that if we educate rich and poor students in separate schools, the high-poverty schools will undoubtedly be of lower quality. It is important to understand that regardless of ethnic makeup, research has found that a student of low-socio-economic status will perform worse academically at a low-income school than if that same student attends a predominantly middle-class school. In fact, the converse has been found to be true as well. Students from middle and upper-class families perform worse at high-poverty schools as well (Kahlenberg, 1999). Critics of these findings suggest that steps be taken to supplement high-poverty schools rather than desegregation by socioeconomic status. Some have said to simply provide more funding to supplement needs or to raise standards if the curriculum is watered down. If teachers in such schools are not qualified or unprepared, simply improve teacher training . While each of these ideas may be worthy of consideration, could we not achieve more sense of equality by addressing the underlying cause of school inequality, economic segregation. High-poverty schools, even with extra funding, are problematic. A good school fosters a student culture that values learning. Students learn from one another. For instance, students expand their vocabularies when exposed to classmates who know more words than they do. Often students have a broader vocabulary that comes from experiences outside of the school that are often missing in low-income students lives. Instead, poor practices and misconceptions are often reinforced by peers because actions are accepted as the norm. Some experts point to this phenomenon as the root cause for the developing ebonics dialect among students from some inner-city schools. Rather than encouraging advancement, peers may actively denigrate achievement in high-poverty schools. The extra needs poor students often bring to school can effectively overwhelm schools with large numbers of needy kids. How do we address these issues as a nation? What is the next step? San Francisco officials have implemented a unique approach to school zoning that attempts to address the issue of socioeconomic segregation. Historically, in San Francisco and other cities across the country, policy has not attacked poverty concentrations. Instead, policy has focused solely on racial desegregation, in part because the 14th Amendment has been read to address segregation by race but not by class. Today, school districts are beginning to turn directly to the socioeconomic factors in determining a schools quality. This has led leaders to work to redraw school zones based on socioeconomic considerations. San Francisco is considering many socioeconomic factors in developing school zones, including parental education, income, and geographical location. Children with parents who did not attend college and children who receive free or reduced-price lunch, live in public housing, or live in high-poverty neighborhoods will be integrated with more-affluent students. Goal of the redistricting is to distribute the citys wealth throughout the school system so that no one school is wealthier than another. Likewise, no one school will have a higher percentage of low-income students than another (Kahlenberg, 1999). While this seems like a novel concept, San Francisco has set in motion a plan that, if enacted correctly, will sufficiently desegregate city schools in a manner consistent with the goals of the civil rights movement. The concept is not new. Reaching back to Horace Manns concept of common schools, the plan will provide all students equal access and opportunity to a quality education regardless of socioeconomic status. While the concept may be foreign to many in the education field, this concept, is adopted nationally, is the best process for once again making public schools engines for social mobility.

Euthanasia Essay - Mercy Killing Not Necessary :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia Essay - Mercy Killing Not Necessary "Mercy Killing" as Euthanasia is also known, has been outlawed within the United States. The definition of mercy killing is where someone is terminally ill with a disease, and an accomplice helps to end the misery of that victim's life. In my opinion, this decision should be a live and let live decision. If and only if the victim agrees ahead of time before the pain starts to end it, then they should live their life the way they want to; if that includes ending it the way they want to, so be it. Atop this highly controversial topic are many illnesses which have led to the popularity of Euthanasia. Among those are Cancer, Aids, and Alzheimer's. There is a very slim need for the use of Euthanasia today in my opinion. Supporters to full-fledged euthanasia often point out that they are carrying out the last wishes of the damned. One doctor has said that "Our ability to end pain is more powerful than at any time in the history of human experience" (Hanson). The key word of Euthanasia is "intentional," if death is not intended it is not an act of Euthanasia. The debate rages today about this very controversial idea. Doctors' code of ethics will not allow this practice in general, yet it still remains such a hot topic which no doctor is able to set this conflict aside. By withdrawing treatment that would not provide a benefit to the patient, or withdrawing treatment that has shown to be ineffective, too burdensome, or is unwanted, and giving the high doses of pain killers, that may endanger life when they have shown to be necessary are all part of good medical practice, but only when they are properly carried out. The concept of human rights were derived from considerations of the nature of mankind, originated when a political context. "Natural Rights," as they are called, were developed as a proclamation of liberty to be used to guarantee freedom from attack on one's life, dignity, or property. There were considered to apply equally to each individual, or to equivalent groups, there were unconditional and imposed on others a duty to respect them. These "natural rights" were also joined by welfare rights, even though grounded in nature and reason, these are not universally applicable and many would be thought absurd or unattainable in many cul tures.

History of Brown vs. Board Through Art :: Race Racial Segregation American History

History Through Art Brown vs. Board was a landmark case that changed America’s education forever. Some of these changes produced many opinions among the different states. One county even shut their public schools down for five years and posted signs blaming it on the Government. I am shocked that picture wasn’t in the exhibition at the Krannert Art Museum. Many of the featured artists have found their calling in capturing some aspects of the racial issue especially the equal education facet. The forms of painting and photography will remain in our world for many years and will help educate future generations on how those in our time coped with the feelings that racism brought to many of us. The exhibit in the museum stimulated my curiosity in the social realm of the decision in that courtroom. People began to see their futures differently. One painting that struck me as inspirational was Brett Cook-Dizney’s self-portrait. The colors he used were mainly bright. This usage of bright tones forced me to think about the reason he used them. Brett Cook-Dizney arranged the colors around his figure in such a way that the tones seemed to give the portrait a glow. He had many achievements that surrounded his painting that caused me to figure out why he used those bright colors; he was a bright young man. The painting had taken him three years to portray his feelings through his artistic approach. He had graduated high school in 1986, thirty years after Brown vs. Board. His work showed that there were still issues in racial equality in the school. Cook- Dizney’s self-portrait seemed to be a way to show the world how he wanted to be seen as opposed to how his teachers and peers saw him. In art he could paint himself in his true light. Cook-Dizney noticed that he had a shot at a bright future and owed much of it to the decision of Brown vs. Board. This court result offered him a chance to pursue a better education. You can see this in his work. He took his own critical approach to his self-image and made the viewer see him his way. This is an effective action for even the amateur art appreciator. After looking at this painting for a few minutes, you can feel the way he feels about the person he is and hopes to be. Brett Cook-Dizney had a couple more note-worthy paintings on display.

Mini Case Ch

What appears to be the problem areas in the Hobby Horse Company? The problem with Hobby Horse Company is that they were having a tough year throughout 2011. The company has $45 million loan that is due at the end of September, however the company does not have the means to cover the cost of the loan. Looking at the financial statement the company has fairly high leverage where their equity is not as strong. In addition, their current assets don't cover current liabilities-?meaning that the company is not as liquid.For the year 201 1, shareholders would not be better off in terms of investing in his company due to low return on capital for that year. For shareholders to actually benefit from this, earning a higher return would allow them to invest on their own in financial markets. Shareholders want the companies to invest only in projects for which the return on capital is at least as great as the cost Of capital. 2. What questions do the financial ratios Suggest that Ms.Plant and Mr .. Green need to address during their meeting with H Management. Some questions Ms. Plant and Mr.. Green need to address during their meeting with H management is the asset turnover in order to measure the efficiency of he entire asset base in order to turn them over more quickly. Looking at the operating profit margin would allow the company to measure the proportion of the sales that are in the profits and create plans to increase them each year.In analyzing the debt ratio, the managers need to take a deeper look into measuring the financial leverage due to their debt situation with the 545 million dollar loan being due at the end of September. This would put the company at risk for future borrowing since debt increases returns to shareholders in good times and reduces them in bad times. When Hobby Horse borrows money it makes a promise to make a series of interest payments and then to repay the amount that it has borrowed.If profits rise, the debt holders continue to receive only the fixed interest payments creating a gain for the shareholders. For 2011, since their profits were falling, the shareholders received most of the negative impact. Because they borrowed such a large sum of money, they are unable to pay off their debts for that year creating the dilemma of them finding more financing the next year or for extending their current loan. . Should the bank renew Hobby Horse's Agreement?If so what conditions should they place on the renewal. Yes, the bank would be wise in renewing the financial agreement with Hobby Horse. Although 201 1 was a troublesome year for the company the past financial records can show the beneficial growth that H has exemplified. Looking at previous years the company still has room for growth and judging at a single year would not be wise for banks to deny renewal.

Isaac Newton Is Better Than John Locke Essay

In all my life I have discovered many things. My discoveries have allowed us to make more new discoveries. But a problem I think of is what the world would be like if I never existed. To start things off one important discovery I made was modern physics. If I was never to make the discoveries in optics, motion, and mathematics modern physics wouldn’t of existed which means that scientist wouldn’t have never known that every object in the universe has a force that attracts each other. Something else the world would have never found would be my laws of motion. The laws of motion gave people a better understanding regarding movement which helps people today in space travel and mechanics. The world would be a better place without John Locke for many reasons. One good reason would be that if he didn’t exist there wouldn’t be a lot of abortion issues around the world and especially in the United States. The reason why there are a lot of abortion issues today in the United States is because John Locke influenced Thomas Jefferson and when Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence he included some stuff John Locke believed in. One thing was that he said human beings are free to do what they want with their property. There are good things about that but theirs also bad things like abortion. The reason why abortion is legal is because the baby are the parents property and John Locke said that when babies are in the stomach their blank so in other words babies are ok to be aborted because their nothing. So if john Locke was to never have existed he wouldn’t have been able to influence Thomas Jefferson which means that there wouldn’t have been a lot of abortions. To sum everything up I Isaac Newton has made the modern world a better place because of my discoveries and if John Locke never existed the world including the United States would have no abortion issues and remember all of us are here because we were all born and not aborted.

Poetry Explanation on Wordsworth’s Poem Essay

Imagine walking through a field in early summer, around an aqua blue lake that is in the shape of a giant egg. You discover a field of daffodils that is flowing in motion like a grand â€Å"dance† full of elegance. This area is full of sublime that can only be fully appreciated by a poet. William Wordsworth has been to this place and it was the subject of his poem â€Å"I Wandered As Lonely As A Cloud. † He entered a state of tranquility when he visited here and writes this proficient piece of poetry when he has recollections about the daffodils. This poem questions the actual connection of man with nature. This essay will look into the figurative language, tone, theme, and imagery to discuss how the crisis of the speaker when he realizes that he cannot sustain the exalted feeling of looking out at the flowers. It will also look into the resolution, the memory, and the recollection. The figurative language hints at settle meanings that are not on the surface of this poem. They suggest the very connection between man and nature, and man’s desire to be part of the natural world. In this poem Wordsworth personifies the daffodils as people: â€Å"A host of golden daffodils / Fluttering and dancing in the breeze†. (Lines 4 & 6) This personification is relating the ecosystem around this majestic lake to human nature exemplified in everyday life. The speaker wants to become a part of this natural dance and become part of natures flow. People constantly want to become part of nature and Wordsworth believes that he can become a cloud in these moments of epiphany: â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud† (line 1) When he enters this surreal state during his recollections he also enters the sublime state of mind. The tone of this poem starts out as ecstatic, than somber, and than ecstatic. It only takes the speaker a recollection to overcome it and enter into the sublime. The stanzas in this poem go from being an astonishment of nature, to watching, to contemplating, to being lost in thought, and then to being inspired by nature again. The poet is looking at this wonderful piece of nature and is struggling to find inspiration. He looks upon it with a â€Å"pensive mood† (Line 20) and becomes awfully upset and worried that he might not find revelations from the natural beauty in the world. He soon rises above this by reminiscing about his encounters in nature and being inspired later on. This changes to tone in the poem to go to blissful. This is not a poem of blissful landscapes and joyful cartwheels, but one of a crisis and recollections. The plot itself is quite simple, but it is what lies underneath the surface that can confuse some. It is of a poet looking for his state of tranquility wandering and discovering in a windy field of grasses with a small patch of daffodils â€Å"dancing† on the edge of a lake. This is a memory that delights the speaker and gives him contentment, #5 he will later recollect to this thought in a search for inspiration, Wordsworth writes: â€Å"They flash upon that inward eye / Which is the bliss of solitude;† (Lines 21 and 22) It is also a poem of crisis for all he does is gaze without thought. He wonders if he is no longer enthralled by beauty. His recollections of returning to the scene and the feeling of sublime and tranquility help to overcome this thought. When Wordsworth is in the field of daffodils and does not enter a state of serenity and transcendence I feel sorrow for him for the place he describes through the visual imagery is so stunning that not to find inspiration should be a sin. Wordsworth describes the daffodils as being: â€Å"Beside the lake, beneath the trees / Fluttering and dancing in the breeze† (Lines 5 and 6) He shows how the daffodils are occurring in this natural and serene dance. This is a rare, minute, and breathtaking part of nature that should be partaken in by all who care to see it. He gazes and gazes, and is swept by his sensations, but does not realize or think about the transformitive power of this recollected image. The predicament that Wordsworth encounters was overcome to write a fine piece of poetry that contains figurative language, tone, theme, and imagery to prove a connection between man, nature, and the divine sprit. This poem is the foundation of Wordsworth that must be understood to go on to understanding poems such as The Prelude. Wordsworth and the Wordsworthian style is a magnificent one that should be experienced by all.

Ethics of Observation

Uses of Observation within a work environment:†¢Identifies stages of development †¢Identifies level of ability †¢Use observations to plan activities †¢Monitors changes in behaviour †¢Use to report suspected abuse/neglect †¢Psychological evidenceWhy is observation important?By observing children within a work environment, we are able to learn their interests and dislikes. As teachers, it’s important for us to know the children we work with as deeply as we can, so we can relate to them and get in touch with their personalities. Once we have had the chance to observe children, we are able to plan activities and lessons according to individual learning styles and the children’s attitudes towards learning. By doing this, we are able to make their first years within a learning environment proceed to their best potential.Read on to learn about Ethical IssuesEthical IssuesBefore carrying out an observation on any child, make sure you have received permission from the parents of the child, your supervisor and depending on the age of the child, the child herself/himself. Here is a list of Ethical Issues concerning observationsAnonymity is important because all of your observations as a teacher should be kept confidential. If anyone who isn’t supposed to read your observations does happen to find them, you need to take careful measures to ensure that only you will be able to make sense of them. You will need to change the names of all children involved in your observation (Child A, B, C etc.) as well as the school name and the members of staff names (Staff A, B, C etc.).Confidentiality is vital when working with children. You wouldn’t want to let a child’s file fall into the wrong hands. Only certain people are allowed to read your observations, such as your supervisor, the parents of the child if they ask, and the child themselves. You should ensure that your records are kept in a safe place, and treat them in a confidential manner.Objectivity is needed within the observations you make within the working place. You cannot let your personal feelings or thoughts intrude with your observations. You must check that all statements are accurate, supported by evidence and are not discriminatory.Storage of Data is used to ensure that data is kept in a secure place. It makes sure that only authorised people are given access to the records. This ties in with the Data Protection Act 1998.Rights of the parents and child. Each have the right to refuse being observed and to see the observation record. The parents have the right to refuse permission of observation. Accuracy is essential within an observation to ensure that children are not assessed on inaccurate evidence. The evidence recorded must be as true a reflection of the child’s actions as possible. If the record is not as accurate as it could be, we may not take the precautions to meet the needs of the child. Purpose of the observati on is needed. The observation you record should not be used in any way to harm the child. Responsibility to record the observation as accurately and as carefully as possible is yours. Conclusions should be fair and supported by reasonable evidence. This ensures that the observation is used to the benefit of the child.

Ethical Legal Dilemma Advanced Practice Nursing Case Study II Essay

Ethical Legal Dilemma Advanced Practice Nursing Case Study II Health insurance policies have set limits on what services will be paid for with a terminally ill person in the home and these limitations may conflict with the nurse’s obligation to provide care for the terminally ill patient (Fry, Veatch & Taylor, 2011). Speaking with the family of a 59 year old male with his only history being terminal lung cancer that has metastasized to the brain, they express concern that they are beginning to have increase difficulty managing this condition. The patient is receiving hospice currently in the home, but the insurance company will not cover both hospice and respite services to assist the family. Community nurses working in the homes of dying patients often encounter many forms of ethical dilemma and they need support in this demanding situation that arises during the end of a patient’s life in the home (Karlsson et al. , 2010). The community nurse is a professional to whom the patient and family turn when they have questions or want to discuss plan of care and treatment options at a critical time in the patient’s life when personal assistance is required (Erlen, 2005). Speaking with the family (son and daughter), it is now found that the patient is now incontinent of both stool and urine and they are now limiting his intake of food and fluid in the afternoon and evening, so that their father doesn’t â€Å"lay in his own wastes throughout the night†. The patient has now developed an excoriated perineum and it appears that further skin breakdown is imminent. The patient has become increasingly weak, and has fallen several times over the last few days. He requires total care with all ADL’s and IADL’s and the family verbalizes being overwhelmed with what their father requires. The patient is receiving hospice for medication administration for agitation and pain as well. Both son and daughter are at risk of losing their jobs related to missing work in order to take care of their father. The son works day shift and the sister works afternoon shift. They have each decided to return to work and this will cause their father to be left alone for almost two hours each day. This could be a case of negligence, where there is a failure to exercise a standard of care and it can be alleged when a person fails to act when a duty exists. There are five elements required to establish a case of negligence: the existence of a legal duty to exercise reasonable care; a failure to exercise reasonable care; cause in fact of physical harm by the negligent conduct; physical harm in the form of actual damages; and proximate cause, a showing that the harm is within the scope of liability (Cornell University Law School, n. d). Negligence falls under tort law and could be criminal. According to Collins English Dictionary (2009) negligence or mal-practice is defined as any immoral, unethical misconduct or neglect of a health care professional. The patient is receiving care at home from Hospice for pain and agitation medication management, which is not sufficient. There is no absolute method to avoid lawsuits; however, prevention of this case could have occurred prior to discharge with proper education of the family of their options for care regarding their father. Detailed explanation of what care their father may need as the end of life is near, may have steered the family to make alternative arrangements for their father. Hospice will have a duty to educate the family of the possible act of negligence and it will be the duty of the hospice workers to report this act made by the family, by following their policies and procedures, which will be their best defense (Grant & Ballard, 2011). Further discussion has shed light on the possibility of Human Rights being violated, under the Affordable Car Act. This is due to the patient’s insurance declining to pay for needs at home. This law alleviates according to Gable (2011) some of the hardships forced on the public’s health for those with insufficient availability of health insurance or access to health care. The Affordable Care Act bans insurance companies from placing lifetime dollar limits on health benefits, which will prevent individuals suffering from chronic diseases from having to worry about going without treatment because of their lifetime limits and it restricts the use of annual limits and bans them completely in 2014 (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, n. d. ). The ethical principle that will be violated here is the respect for person and the concept of deontology. Deontology means that some behaviors are our duty, whether there is benefit or not (Fry, Veatch & Taylor, 2011). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2012), says that deontology is within the moral theories that guide and assess our choices of what we ought to do and what type of person we should be. Again, proper education to the family, prior to discharge of this patient and by the nurses within the hospice agency could have avoided this occurring. Respect for person involves autonomy, but not all individuals are able to acting autonomously. This requires the ability to set goals and make choices, and this may be compromised at times in a person’s life. Defined by the Belmont Report, respect for persons requires that these vulnerable individuals be offered special protections during periods when they cannot act autonomously. This is also a major emphasis of the principle of justice which requires that the vulnerable be extended special protections with regard to the distribution of the benefits and burdens of research (Yale Human Subject Research Resource & Education Program, 2006). Legal reasoning is evident in two forms, legislative drafting and application of rules to cases and it involves an acceptance and spirit of working within law, which gives it some bias towards maintaining existing rules (Peterson, n. d. ). This does not always mean that law is always just and practical, and judges avoid applying rules that would result in less than desired outcomes. According to Peterson (n. d. ), legal reasoning contains many examples of efforts to changing the legal system and returning to the law making process. Coherence in legal reasoning is where law makes sense as a whole, and is a form of supportive rationality (Bertea, 2009). The coherence part of legal reasoning may be weaker than the logical part. Coherence of a set of legal norms is made by there being a realization of some common value or some common principle (Dickson, 2010). Logic in legal reasoning is the reasoning involved in interpreting constitutions, statutes, regulations, balancing fundamental principles, adopting and modifying legal rules, while applying those rules to cases and evaluating evidence, prior to making decisions (Walker, 2007). Case law is the legal principles embodied in judicial decisions that are derived from applying areas of law to the facts of individual cases. Case law is a dynamic and constantly developing body of law, where each case contains part of the facts of the controversy and an explanation of how the judge arrived at a conclusion (The Free Dictionary by Farlex). Lastly is legal analysis, which requires proving each element of a rule to be true or false and it refers to a statement by a court, judicial officer, or legal expert as to the legality or illegality of an action, condition, or intent (Connelly, n. d. ). The function of ethical reasoning revolved around the fact that much of human behavior has consequences for the welfare of others. People can act toward others in such a way as to increase or decrease the quality of their lives and we are capable of helping or harming. We are empathetic and therefore can recognize when we are doing one or the other. The role of ethical reasoning is to decipher acts that either enhances the well-being of others and those that harm or diminish the well-being of others. Developing one’s ethical reasoning abilities is crucial because there is in human nature a strong tendency toward egotism, prejudice, self-justification, and self-deception which has sociocentric influences (Elder & Paul, 2011). The problem of pseudo-ethics is that one cannot develop as ethical persons if we cannot face the fact that everyone is prone to egotism and prejudice. Flaws in human thinking are the cause of much human suffering and only developing fair-mindedness, honesty, integrity, self-knowledge, and deep concern for the welfare of others can provide foundations for sound ethical reasoning (Paul & Elder, 2009). According to Paul and Elder (2009), ethical reasoning involves doing what is right while avoiding selfish desires and to live an ethical life, is to develop command over our native egocentric tendencies. The elements of ethical reasoning include awareness, independent problem solving, supported problem solving, and decision and outcome evaluation, while effective ethical reasoning requires sensitivity, problem solving skills, and the motivation and determination to act on decisions (Kenny et al. , 2007). The logic of ethical reasoning involves moral theory derived from meta-ethics and evolutionary ethics. The fundamental problem is that evolutionary ethics is a scientifically based theory while meta-ethics is a philosophically based and logic related to human behavior is cannot convey the complexity of human experience, so moral terminology such as good and moral have evolved from billions of social issues over centuries of time that are related to human behavior (Bromberg, 2011). The advantages and disadvantages of ethical reasoning start with the fact that ethical reasoning assumes that everyone will make choices that will cause no harm. This would mean that an ethical society will prohibit unethical actions, but ethical reasoning excludes actions that are based on spiritual or social customs and does not persecute any specific group for their beliefs. Ethical reasoning is meant to determine actions that are in the best interest of everyone, but the course of action is not always clear-cut. Ethical reasoning is simple, all things are not equal, and determining the true ethical route can be difficult and subjective (Mayers, n. d. ). Summary Some cultures continue to practice rituals that are illegal in other counties. Those things that are ethically acceptable in one culture, many times aren’t with other cultures. Laws are based on rules within cultures. Rules are things that citizens must obey in order to prevent persecution by governing authority. Ethical reasoning is based on what people believe is morally right or wrong, whereas legal reasoning is based rules made within cultures. Many times things that are illegal coincide with things that are believed to be unethical within a culture; however, an illegal act by a health care practitioner is always unethical, but an unethical act is not necessarily illegal. Ethics involves standards of behavior and the concept of right and wrong, over that which is legal in a given situation. Moral values are formed through the influence of the family, culture, and society and form one’s ethical reasoning basis (Judson & Harrison, 2012). I feel any ethical decision model must involve individual employees, as well as their supervisors in order to be effective. Shared decision making, between health care professionals, is vital to arrive at what best meets the employee’s needs. I think an ethical reasoning tool needs to involve the employee and the supervisor so the problem can be addressed. The use of an integrative model can develop confidence and justification in making ethical decisions. Preferences and values come into effect during the process of an integrated ethical decision making model and principles of patient-centeredness and shared-decision making must be integrated (Sestini, 2010). An integrated model of ethical reasoning highlights the integration between ethics and decision making, where ethics is a tool that brings positive aspects of the reasoning process. The model is composed of three major elements: the ethical component; the decision making component; and the contextual component (Grundstein-Amado, 1991). Park (2012), reviewed available structured ethical reasoning and decision-making models and developed an integrated model consisting of six steps: 1. the identification of an ethical problem 2. the collection of additional information to identify the problem and develop solutions 3. the development of alternatives for analysis and comparison 4. the selection of the best alternatives and justification 5. the development of diverse, practical ways to implement ethical decisions and actions 6. the evaluation of effects and development of strategies to prevent a similar occurrence. The best ethical reasoning should be determined by putting efforts from all health care professionals involved and although it will not guarantee ethically right or good decisions, it will likely improve a process and outcomes of clinical ethical decisions (Park, 2012). Applying this model to the situation of 59 year old male with his only history being terminal lung cancer that has metastasized to the brain. Applying the chosen model: 1. the identification of an ethical problem: They have each decided to return to work and this will cause their father to be left alone for almost two hours each day. 2. the collection of additional information to identify the problem and develop solutions: families concerns: Increased difficulty managing this condition Patient is receiving hospice but the insurance company will not cover both hospice and respite services to assist the family. patient is now incontinent of both stool and urine and they are now limiting his intake of food and fluid in the afternoon and evening patient has now developed an excoriated perineum The patient has become increasingly weak, and has fallen several times over the last few days. requires total care with all ADL’s and IADL’s and the family verbalizes being overwhelmed 7. Both son and daughter are at risk of losing their jobs related to missing work in order to take care of their father. 3. the development of alternatives for analysis and comparison: this would involve the family’s input into the situation. Possible another family member could be available for the two hours. There could be a possibility to withdrawal from hospice and pursuing home health care to be used for respite services. 4. the selection of the best alternatives and justification: Again this would have to involve the family’s input to see what best meets their needs, as well as their father’s needs. Justification to the family regarding their father being left alone for two hours at a time, as well as withholding fluids and food from him can be done through education. 5. the development of diverse, practical ways to implement ethical decisions and actions: Deontology means that some behaviors are our duty, whether there is benefit or not (Fry, Veatch & Taylor, 2011). This is also a major emphasis of the principle of justice which requires that the vulnerable be extended special protections with regard to the distribution of the benefits and burdens of research (Yale Human Subject Research Resource & Education Program, 2006). As a case manager, I need to work with family on awareness, independent problem solving, supported problem solving, and decision and outcome evaluation. 6. the evaluation of effects and development of strategies to prevent a similar occurrence: this would be done post intervention, and then determination could be made of whether the end result was effective. Evaluating the effects of the interventions will allow the health care professional to adapt future encounters with similar situations. Recommendations Further research revealed the U. S. Department of Health & Human Services said federal hospice investigations have increased drastically over the last few years. A Medicare oversight report in 2009, found nearly a third of hospice patients were not getting services of treatment in care plans, nor were they getting visits providers had promised to provide (Bloomberg News, 2011). This would lead to the first recommendation to the family. It can be recommended that they ask the visiting hospice to review the overall care plan with them. The case manager needs to ask for a copy of the care plan, so it can be reviewed with the family. Once the care plan is reviewed, services being received can be reviewed to match what is promised to take place. A second recommendation to the given situation includes involvement of the case manager. The case manager needs to ask the family to discuss options with the patient and consider his preferences as well as special physical, emotional and psychosocial needs. A final recommendation is that the case manager assist the family to evaluate how much support can be provided by other family members and friends. For help determining the best option, they may need to talk with the health care team. Caring for their father, according to research, may have left them no time for self-care; drained them of energy and enthusiasm; and affected interactions with other family and friends (Joad et. al, 2011). References Bertea, S. (2009). The argument from coherence. Available at http://ivr-enc. info/index. php? title=The_Argument_from_Coherence Bloomberg News. (2011). Hospice care grows as do patient negligence concerns. Retrieved from http://www. ltlmagazine. com/news-item/hospice-care-grows-do-patient-negligence-concerns Bromberg, S. E. (2011). The evolution of ethics: An introduction to cybernetic ethics. Retrieved from http://www. evolutionaryethics. com Collins English Dictionary (2009). Negligence. Retrieved from http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/malpractice. Connelly, A. (n. d. ). Legal analysis and reasoning from precedent. Retrieved from http://www. law. uky. edu/files/docs/clinic/legal_analysis. pdf Cornell University Law School. (n. d. ). Negligence. Retrieved from http://www. law. cornell. edu/wex/negligence Dickson, J. (2010). Interpretation and coherence in legal reasoning. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy online. Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/archives/spr2010/entries/legal-reas-interpret/>. Elder, L. & Paul, R. (2011). Ethical reasoning essential to education. Retrieved from www. criticalthinking. org Erlen, J. (2005). When patients and families disagree. Orthopedic Nursing, 24(4), 279–282. Fry, S. , Veatch, R. , & Taylor, C. (2011). Case studies in nursing ethics (4th ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Barlett Learning. Gable, L. (2011). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Public Health, and the Elusive Target of Human Rights. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 39(3), 340-354. doi:10. 1111/j. 1748-720X. 2011. 00604 Grant, P. D. , & Ballard, D. C. (2011). Law for nurse leaders: A comprehensive reference. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Grundstein-Amado, R. (1991). An integrative model of clinical-ethical decision making. Theoretical Medicine, 12(2), 157-170. Retrieved from http://link. springer. com/article/10. 1007%2FBF00489796 Joad, K, Mayamol, T. C. & Chaturvedi, M. (2011). What does the informal caregiver