Core Concepts of the Four Traditions of Geography

Geographer William D. Pattison introduced his four traditions of geography at the annual convention of the National Council for Geographic Education in 1963. With these precepts, Pattison sought to define the discipline by establishing a common vocabulary in the geographic community at large. His goal was to create a lexicon of basic geographical concepts so that the work of academics could be easily interpreted by laymen. The four traditions are the Spatial or Locational Tradition, the Area Studies or Regional Tradition, the Man-Land Tradition, and the Earth Science Tradition. Each of these traditions is interrelated, and they are often used in conjunction with one another, rather than alone. Spatial or Locational Tradition The core concept behind the Spatial Tradition of geography relates to the in-depth analysis of the particulars of a place—such as the distribution of one aspect over an area—using quantitative techniques and tools that might include such things as computerized mapping and geographic information systems, spatial analysis and patterns, aerial distribution, densities, movement, and transportation. The Locational Tradition attempts to explain the course of human settlements in terms of location, growth, and in relation to other locales. Area Studies or Regional Tradition Unlike the Spatial Tradition, the Area Studies Tradition determines as much as it is possible to glean about a particular place in order to define,  describe, and differentiate it from other regions or areas. World regional geography, along with international trends and relationships are at its center. Man-Land Tradition The focus of the Man-Land Tradition is the study of the relationship between human beings and the land they live on. Man-Land looks not only at the impact people impose on their local environment but conversely, at how natural hazards can influence human life. Along with addition population geography, the tradition also takes into account the ramifications that cultural and political practices have on the given area of study as well. Earth Science Tradition The Earth Science Tradition is the study of planet Earth as the home to humans and its systems. Along with the physical geography of the planet, focuses of study include such things as how the planets location in the solar system affects its seasons (this is also known as Earth-sun interaction) and how changes in the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere impact human life on the planet. Offshoots of the Earth Science Tradition of geography are geology, mineralogy, paleontology, glaciology, geomorphology, and meteorology. What Did Pattison Leave Out? In response to the four traditions, in the mid-1970s, researcher J. Lewis Robinson noted that Pattisons model left out several important aspects of geography, such as the factor of time as it relates to historical geography and  cartography (mapmaking). Robinson wrote that by dividing geography into these categories—while admitting consistent themes do run through all four—Pattisons precepts lacked a unifying focus. Robinson did, however, concede that Pattison had done a good job of creating a framework for the discussion of the philosophical tenets of geography.   As a result, while its not the be all and end all, most geographic studies are likely to at least begin with Pattisons traditions. While not perfect, they have nonetheless become essential to the study of geography since first being adopted. Many of the more recent specialized areas of geographic study are, in essence, new and improved versions—reinvented and using better tools—of Pattisons original ideas.

The Death Penalty Is Justified - 1491 Words

Philosophy In today’s society, crimes have risen in many forms. People tend to commit crimes even though the government clearly states the consequences for such actions taking place. One prime example is murder. Though people commit murder and acknowledge that the penalty for such act is life in prison, which still doesn’t deter humans from undertaking the act. Death penalty could be a solution to stop humans from committing such gruesome acts. Therefore I strongly believe that the death penalty is acceptable in several cases. Thurgood Marshall states that the death penalty is unconstitutional for two reasons, one that it is excessive. He believes that if the American people were fully informed then they would consider it morally unacceptable. He believes that the death penalty is unnecessary to accomplish any purpose of deterrence or to gain just retribution. Marshall also states that, rather than the death penalty; life in prison would carry out its purpose. I strongly disagree with that statement because the life imprisonment law has been around for centuries and I still hear about murders on a daily base. There isn’t a day without some innocent person being killed by another ruthless person. The individual would know the outcome of such act, which is life in prison, but they still go on with the deed. Marshall also talks about how race would play in the matter on top of wealth and education. If one were black who has committed the crime would have higher chance ofShow MoreRelatedIs the Death Penalty Justified?1824 Words   |  8 PagesIs the Death Penalty Justified? Jessica Valentine PHI 103 Informal Logic Professor Stephen Carter March 20, 2012 Is the Death Penalty Justified? The death penalty will always be a topic some people refuse to talk about. When in fact, it is a very serious topic and people should know how and why the death penalty is not justified. I believe the death penalty is not justified in the least bit because there are people sitting up in prison just living life because the state does not want toRead MoreIs Death Penalty Justified?995 Words   |  4 Pages995 Is Death Penalty Justified? Death penalty is the capital punishment given to the person where a person is put to death who has done crime or involved in a crime. It is for those people who is doing the crime intentionally. It is given by the government to the traitors, murderer and so on. The sentence is vindicated by the type of offense committed. There are certain conditions where a death penalty can be correct and should be consider Justified by the government. The death penalty guaranteesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1534 Words   |  7 Pagesit is ethical to kill a convicted criminal. People who oppose the death penalty often argue mistaken identity and wrongful conviction. They argue that long-term imprisonment is the better course of action, because it allows for the possibility that if a mistake was made in the conviction of a suspect, they would be able to correct it without ending the life of an innocent person. They also state that the threat of the death penalty is not a deterrent and people will commit crimes regardless, as oftenRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1346 Words   |  6 Pagespast and recent years, the death penalty has remained a huge debate between individuals that agree or disagree whether the death penalty is justifiable punishment or not. Is capital punishment truly a justified and powerful approach to the violations of specific prisoners? Many individuals believe that having the death penalty is cruel and inhumane. Others believe that people who commit such heinous crimes should be punished with the death penalty. Instilling the death penalty is the same as saying â€Å"eyeRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1828 Words   |  8 PagesThe Death Penalty Daniel Heydari Professor Sheldon Philosophy 262-0 12 October 2015 1.) The author of this letter, submitted to the New York Times, claims that the death penalty is wholly and morally justified, seeing as its existence results in the lessening of violent deaths and gun use due to the perpetrator’s fear of killing a person in haste and thus being given the death penalty. 2.) The author argues his claim of the death penalty being justified as a means of punishment for violent crimesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified923 Words   |  4 Pagespilots who also had to bomb innocents to win the war,† (Gorman). More recently, a common trend has been the disapproval of the death penalty, exhibited by the thirteen percent drop in the number of people on death row since Spring of 2005 (Death Penalty Info. Center). 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The debates over the constitutionality of the death penalty and whether capital punishment should be usedRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified995 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death penalty has been a controversial topic for many years and recently the debate about it has been getting bigger and bigger to where at some point soon a decision will have to be made. Many people will disagree with the death penalty because it goes against their moral beliefs, this is thought process is seen more in the northern states. However, here in the south the death penalty is strongly believed in by most, but who is put to death and why? Did they deserve this sentence or were theyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1603 Words   |  7 PagesTHE DEATH PENALTY Many nations have criminals to punish, but what’s changing is how they punish their criminals. Most countries, even some states, have come to the realization that the death penalty is an unfair, inhumane, unconstitutional, and irreversible punishment that’s much too severe and is an unfit punishment for a fair and just society. Internationally, the U.S. ranks fifth in terms of the number of prisoners put to death, putting America in such ill-esteemed company as the regimesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified858 Words   |  4 PagesSince the foundation of our nation the Death Penalty has been a way to punish prisoners that have committed heinous crimes, however since the turn of the 20th century the practice of Capital Punishment has been questioned on its usage in America and the world as a whole. The Death Penalty is used in America to punish criminals who have committed murders, or taken the life of an innocent person, and while the death penalty seems like it is doing justice to those who have killed others it is actually

A Culture of Corruption Everyday Deception and Popular...

Daniel Jordan Smith presents an outstanding work full of insight and appreciation of Nigerian culture. The content is enriched by his years spent working there, his marriage to a Nigerian woman and his obvious affinity for the Nigerian people. Smith’s primary aim is to reflect upon popular Nigerian sentiment toward corruption but also to explore just how entrenched corrupt practices have become in society. The book focuses on two main elements; how Nigeria is as much a ‘culture of corruption’ as it is ‘against corruption’ (p. 6). The standard discourse that exists between Nigerians themselves as well as the rest of the world is that Nigeria has a history of debilitating corruption. Smith’s work is therefore appealing to a variety of†¦show more content†¦This is centred round the ‘moral economy’ of corruption (Olivier de Sardan, 1999). This concept refers to the practice of corruption justified by its perpetrators for reasons relating to cultural values; in ways that are not stigmatised or even deemed corrupt (Olivier de Sardan, 1999). An interesting term he utilises is the ‘idiom of accountability’ that explains the rise of popular discontent suggested by the title (p. 19). Smith regularly emphasises how traditional ideals of patron-clientism are considered the most important idiom of accountability left in a society spiralling out of control. ‘String pulling’ by patrons to assist friends and relatives is considered legitimate, to act otherwise would be c onsidered immoral (p. 17). While this is undoubtedly true, Smith overemphasises this point to the extent that the reader is left wondering if this is too simple an explanation for ambivalence. If this behaviour is the general consensus for both regular Nigerians as well as the political elite, the next section of the book unpacks how the public are becoming increasingly critical of their politicians. As Smith suggests patron-clientism is embedded in Nigerian society and so it appears nobody is spared from participating in it. The author himself used his connections to get his niece into a good school. Discontent is aggravated when modern bureaucracy meets traditional patron-clientism for the sole purposes of increasing one’s personal wealth. No longer operatingShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBehavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPublic Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political

Australian Buidling Codes And Standards †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Australian Buidling Codes And Standards? Answer: Introducation The work presented hereinafter dwells on the critical assessment aspects of the residential building whose technical details have been provided to peruse and assess it against the set standards namely: Building Code of Australia part 2 (BCA, 1996). Notably, the report pursues various elements in the house against the given provisions to ascertain full compliance hence such terms as deem-to-satisfy will be used accordingly in this context. business, calculations will also be done and results presented in a manner that is understandable and in sync with the sectional provisions. Hence the let the assessment work begin. Building Elements and Services This section presents the various assessment outcomes vis--vis the appropriate codes and standards. Hence the following are presented for further perusal: A complete full design check against the National Construction Code, Building Code of Australia Volume 2 for all parts. The NCA provides the general provisions for legal requirements in the building sector. The BCA document is therefore a universal paraphernalia that envisages harmony in building construction designs and development while ensuring public safety and wellbeing are guaranteed in the developments. This part, therefore, provides a concrete assessment of the identified elements as per the building code of Australia (BCA). For this part, table 1 gives the summary of the actual assessment and the specific recommendations thereafter. It should be noted that full compliance includes the conditional status of the surrounding hence issues like soil condition and natural phenomena like earthquakes are included. A complete waffle pod slab design as shown on the attached plans detailing and confirming the slab thicknesses and reinforcement (top and bottom) using AS 2870. Firstly, need to check the wind classification for the area (as provided by local authorities); let it be fixed at N2 hence the following information can be retrieved (as per 1684: 2 (2010): Gust wind speed for: Permissible stress = 33m/s Serviceability limit state=26m/s Ultimate limit state Vu= 40m/s Hence for the purpose of assessment, we shall use the maximum value for the design check, that is: 40m/s For this windy condition and in order to guarantee safe design of the structure, the values of geometric parameters are checked against the maximum theoretical values hence: Parameter Theoretical Limit Max. Actual Remarks Height 3000mm 2100 Passed Width 16.8m 13.8m Passed Roof pitch 350 250 Passed Bracing space 9000mm 7600mm Passed Roof type Hip, gable, skillion, cathedral, trussed or pitched Trussed Passed Next, we must check the structural integrity: Forces on the building are determined based on the conditions below: Racking-wall deforms Overturning wall-due to rotation Tendency of sliding Connection failure due to uplift Hence the appropriate timber dimensions must be selected from the tables below for both upper and lower reinforcement: Slab thickness (for garage)- 85mm Reinforcement bars: Number for the top portion: Stem width Top steel Remark 110-150 0 151-220 1 221-330 2 Yes 331-440 3 And for the bottom portion: Beam base width Bottom steel # Remark 110-150 1 151-220 2 221-330 3 331-440 4 Yes Note: Assume all the 4 conditions mentioned above are experienced in the building Complete an alternative timber floor design using a conventional bearer and floor joist construction method in lieu of the (as shown) large spanning timber laminated floor joists. Note: The span and spacing for both bearers and floor joists are included (to enable our resident estimator to price) . Span Spacing Bearer 2800mm 2100mm Floor Joist 1800mm 1800mm Now, ensure the new design conforms to the following: Floor joist: 238mmx38mm with a timber class type MGP 12 Maximum spacing shall be 450mm between centers; this shall be the maximum span. Notably, designer is at liberty to choose the dimensions that fit the given requirements but should be within the mentioned limits. Timber quality is also a key parameter in the design (Blanchi Leonard, 2008). This should be selected based on the factors such as level of termite attack, environmental and climatic factors such as rainfall. However, in a nutshell, economics the area is rated as less prone to termite attack, the timber selected should be above reproach. This again is left to the designer to decide the best quality of timber based on the design requirements (Western Australian Planning Commission, 2010). Check on all timber designs to ensure compliance with AS 1684, including the following; Determination of all timber lintels above openings as shown on plans. Timber Lintels # Sizes (mm) 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400 1 400 Nominated timber sizes for Designation Normative size mm (width) Roof battens 42 Ceiling battens 45 Top and bottom plates 67 Wall studs and studs at sides of openings 87 Lintels above openings 400mm Footing system design: The site class and type of construction: Masonry veneer Piecewise width of the footing- 6m max Hence from fig 3.6 (AS 2870) the footing system is established: D=300, B= 300, Ds= 400; Reinforcement type: -3-8 TM For raft design, the following parameters are checked: Parameter Range Actual Remark Ys 10-70mm 35mm Passed Max differential movement 5-50mm 25mm Passed Beam spacing 1.25mm 0.97mm Passed Beam depth 250-1000mm 900mm Passed Minimum depth 0.7 max 0.7 Passed Beam width 110-400mm 115mm Passed Average load to 15kPa 8kPa Passed Edge line load to 15kNm 9kPa Passed A complete bracing plan for the dwelling in accordance with AS 1684. To resist both horizontal and supply some of the loads to the building foundation, permanent bracing is recommended as per AS 1684. Subfloor structure be adequately braced. Allow maximum height of stumps above ground at 1200mm. There should full perimeter masonry base and outer wall construction. Brace size 70x35mm for 2100mm length. Hence, in the bracing plan, the following are to be implemented: Determining the wind classification: As per the assessment above, the wind classification is fixed at N2, the roof pitch is 25o Next, we determine the wind pressure that will be acting on the building. Consider halving the building at its symmetrical axis relative to the main wind direction throughout the year Repeat this for various orientation of the building so that the maximum value is used for purpose of structural design especially against racking forces Next, we determine the projected area of the portion that will be impacted with the wind. Hence dimensions of the building like overall length, width and height of the building are retrieved Therefore, the racking force is determined from the formula: Racking force= Projected area of elevation (from various orientations) x Wind pressure And therefore, the forces can be summed to get the total racking force, to be used for purpose of establishing the required bracing system. However, it is worth noting that the bracing can be expensive to implement in all orientation, therefore, we select the major orientations (at least two) that will greatly be impacted by the wind strength and hence compromise on the structural integrity of the building. Subfloor bracing in either north, south, east or west elevations should be considered. Recall that bracing not done in other orientation may slightly make it weaker in that direction. Additionally, include both top and bottom wall bracing. The top wall bracing must be done up to the ceiling level while in the bottom bracing, fix it at the floor frame or in the case of concrete, at the concrete slab. Assessment Summary ASSESSED ELEMENT/BUILDING SERVICE PROVISIONS AS PER SECTIONAL CODE/STANDARD ACTUAL ASSESSMENT REMARKS Earth works-excavation As per the topographical situation and nearby buildings; safe maneuvering needed for zero damages and accidents Assumed to have been determined prior to as per soil test reports (File No: 48380) Necessary amendments to be made if need arises Drainage Proper with gently sloping land and storm water must comply with AS 3500 Satisfactory; actual provisions to control storm water drainage are to be implemented (as per the given plan) PVC storm water drain to be constructed to direct to point of discharge Termite attack management Not considered N/a Not applicable in this case Footings and slabs Footings need not be affected by the nearby root trees extension To be affected by trees surrounding the area Need to exhaust an alternative solution to the problem (including removal of trees nearby Concrete reinforcing Compliance with AS 3600 for concrete and the reinforcing materials must meet the minimum conditions set in AS 2870 The reinforcing bar tested and full compliance of steel material confirmed. Design calculations were done to check on the structural integrity of the concrete and reinforcing bars/ for size selection of the bars to use, refer to table 3.2.3.2 on the BCA reference Satisfactory performance as far as design drawings are concerned Slab construction Masonry-wall construction Build with fire resistant material Masonry wall has greater fire resistance hence material selection appropriate Framing-steel and Timber Wall cladding Glazing Fire safety Bush fire protection mechanism be integrated in the design Brick walls and cladding are fire resistant hence boost in fire safety Full compliance attained Smoke alarms Provisions be included in the plan Confirmed in the plans Heating appliances Operate with minimum effects on the immediate surrounding Efficiency not yet checked Provisions to ascertain their efficiency must be included in the designs Wet area amenities Designed for convenience and proximal consideration Checked and realized full compliance Movement and access Be straight forward approach with minimum number of corners; also ensure access routes are well defined in the plan Presence of verandah, corners and stairs is sufficient OTHERS -Wind areas and Earth quakes Check the geologist report on the location Area seems to be less prone to earthquakes; windy conditions expected. However, building structural design integrity will resist the external forces due to the windy conditions and earth tremors Need to provide analysis report on the impact of these external conditions on the building. From the above assessment, the following can be deduced: The building design plans attached have been perused and determined that almost all areas of the building design have complied with the minimum provisional codes and standards. Expectedly, a number of areas have been identified for further improvement so as to achieve full compliance. For instance, in the design of footings and slabs, the surrounding area need to be free of trees as the roots would cause irreparable damage to the footings once the building is established. In this regard, therefore, based on the above assessment, a score of 75% can be awarded. Besides, sustainable building construction principles must be integrated as a way to harmonize the relationship of the building with its surrounding. The occupants wellbeing must be seen to be supported by the design. Notably, other building codes such as BREEAM need to be adopted and reconciled within the general building construction codes such as BCA. In fact, in the area of energy use, design of the services that provide the building energy must be in tandem with the green energy civil engineering. Energy efficiency measures should be developed, implemented and reviewed on a regular basis (Australian Standard, 2009). Conclusion This assessment report provides a competent interrogation of the single dwelling residential building. This is done as per the obligatory building codes and standards. After a careful study of the given house plans and drawings, the assessor matched the elements with the sectional provisions to ascertain either full or partial compliance. In some cases, compliance was beyond reproach; however, as mentioned earlier, there is need to make some amendments in the designs pursuant to the sectional provisions in the relevantly selected codes and standards. Therefore, with some degree of certainty, the building design drawings and plans can be pronounced as possessing irreducible minimum compliance status References Australian Standard 3959. (2009). Construction of Buildings in Bushfire-prone areas. Council of Standards. BCA. (1996). Building Code of Australia. Council of Standards. BCA. (1996). Building Code of Australia: Class 1 and Class 10 Buildings Housing Provisions. accounting AST. Blanchi, R Leonard, J. (2008) Property Safety - judging structural safety. In Community Bushfire Safety. (J. Handmer, eds) CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne Cheney P Sullivan A. (2008). Grassfires, fuel, weather and fire behaviour - second edition. CSIRO Publishing Collingwood, Australia Environmental Resources Management Australia (2000) Baldivis Tramway Reserve Management Plan - Final Report for the City of Rockingham. RFS. (2012). Plans and Spaces for bush fire Construction. Available at: https://www.rfs.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/4691/Hunter-BFRMP.pdf Standards Australia (2009) Australian Standard (AS 3959-2009) Construction of buildings in bushfire-prone areas. TAS. (2010). Bush Fire hazard management. Available at: https://www.fire.tas.gov.au/userfiles/tym/file/131392_Building_for_Bushfires_web.pdf TAS. (2017). Planning. Advisory Note 20 Guidance on the Code and how to determine Bushfire-Prone Areas is available at: https://www.planning.tas.gov.au/library_and_ information/planning_advisory_notes The Bushfire-Prone Areas Code Planning Directive No. 5. Available at: https://www.planning.tas.gov.au Website 2010. (https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009194.shtml) Western Australian Planning Commission (WAPC), Department of Planning and Fire and management Services Authority of Western Australia (FESA) (2010) Planning for Bush Fire Protection guidelines - edition 2. Published by WAPC FESA