The Odyssey Theme Essay Example for Free

The Odyssey Theme EssayThe theme of identity had served as a very in-chief(postnominal) device throughout the story of The Odyssey. Basically, The Odyssey narrated the journey of Odysseus, kn give as one of the greatest mortal who played a very significant part in the Greek Mythology. His story started since the Trojan War period. But his golden period really began after the fall of Troy. One of the key scenes which affect the journey of Odysseus towards his seat was when he successfully played a trick on Polyphemus, discussion of the sea-god Poseidon. He attacked the beast. When Polyphemus asked to reveal his name, Odysseus said that his name was Nobody. Thus, in the midst of their fight, the creature had only shouted that he was being assaulted by Nobody. The Cyclopes then thought that nobody was attacking him hence they just ignored Polyphemus. He blind the creature and declared that, No one could beat him not even the son of the god. Poseidon became so angry on Odysseus and swore that he would make it hard for Odysseus to go back home. The second important part of the revelation of Odysseus identity was when he revealed himself to the Phaeacians after he was mesmerized by Demodocus narration of two poems which involved his own experiences during and after the Trojan War. This was important to Odysseus because upon his revelation that he was the Great Odysseus, the Phaeacians promised to help him on his way home. The third key scene was when Odysseus finally met with his son Telemachus. Telemachus was with Eumaeus notwithstanding Odysseus rather kept his true identity to the latter and only disclosed it with Telemachus thinking that if others would learn about his return, he would have to spend more judgment of conviction planning on how he would be able to return to his home. Thus he decided that his secret should only be between him and his son. After that meeting, the fix and son made plans on how to eliminate the abusive suitors of Penelope, Odysseus wife. This plan worked effectively enabling the two to kill all Penelopes suitors. Thus, Odysseus had finally returned to his family and to his home. though Odysseus was regarded as one of the greatest heroes in the Greek Mythology, the themes of identity and the key scenes reported earlier seemed conflicting with how a hero was perceived during the ancient times. He became some kind of boastful and in a way conceited when he declared that he was so great that not even the son of a god could trample him. Another was when he became so emotional and was carried away by the poems of Demodocus. A hero was said to have a disembodied spirit that was not easily bent. And the last one was when he planned to kill all his wifes suitors secretly. This seemed to be a traitors whole kit and boodle for he did not declare any war against them but instead assassinating them clandestinely.Work CitedHomer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Faqles. Penguin Classics, 2006.

Unilever Brazil Essay Example for Free

Unilever Brazil EssayExecutive SummaryUnilever is assessing whether to enter the low-income NE securities assiduity. Our analytic thinking shows that there is a profitable opportunity to offer detergent powder to low-income customers living in Northeast Brazil and capture commercialize sh be in a high-margin, high-growth market. We recommend that the firm keeps the existing differentiates nevertheless deploy a horizontal extension of the Campeiro brand adding make better scent / murk and utilizing specialty diffusion network, thereby marginalizing Invicto, an inferior but better-known competitor.Situation OverviewNE Brazil has long lagged behind the rest of the country in terms of technology and income. However, economic reforms instituted by Finance Minister Cardoso has seen the purchasing power of the poorest Brazilians increase dramatically. These reforms, combined with tax incentives for investment in the NE has led to a 17% one-year growth in detergent powder.In NE Brazil, detergent is still primarily used to supplement lather in order to make the habilitate whiter and smell better. Campeiro, Unilevers current budget offering detergent powder, competes primarily with Invicto. These products are offered at the same price ($1.7/kg) and have roughly the same market penetration (6% for Campeiro vs. 5% for Invicto) even as consumers view Campeiro as a superior brand. The problem for Unilever is Campeiros brand penetration, which lags approximately 15% behind Invicto. This is because of the deconcentrate purchasing habits of women in NE Brazil. This situation is an opportunity because if Unilever improves market penetration, it will drive sales in this high-margin, high-growth segment of the laundry industry.By contrast, the soap industry has slower growth (6%) and lower barrier to entry, which makes it strong to sustain high margin. In addition, the market is very fragmented, with other producers supplying 64% of the market, making it toug h to systematically beat competitors and capture market share. Therefore, at this time we do not think it makes sense to enter this market.Action OverviewStrategyWe will score the following marketCustomer Low-income consumers in NE BrazilCompany UnileverCollaborators Special store owners as low-income consumers do not shop in sell and get financing and advice from specialty owners Competitor InvictoContext Increasing purchasing power in NE and role of powder as fragrance / demulcent agentsOur value proposition to this segment will be An affordable detergent powder with a special touch.We will deploy the strategy as followsmaneuverProducts New and improved Campeiro with enhanced smell and softness oSmell / softness is ranked second only to whiteness in perceived importance by consumers, but going after whiteness has potential to cannibalize OMO (see Action rationale section for to a greater extent details) oThe added fragrance should be at a level on the button enough to set Cam peiro apart from Invicto, but far enough from Minerva to prevent cannibalization Brand CampeiroPrice Same price whole sale of 1.7 / kg dispersal Specialized distributors that can increase awareness of target audience at a lower variable cost than generalist wholesaler specialized stores are significant influencers of target customers behaviors Incentives Launch new Campeiro via specialized distribution as larger campaign to influence small shop owners arrest away free samples to specialized store to promote awareness to small shops use more point-of-purchase marketing as small shop owners are more susceptible to much(prenominal) tactics Communication New and Improved Campeiro or add something special to your clothes at affordable priceAction RationaleThe proposed strategy is best suited for Unilevers goal of finding a profitable entry into low-income NE market because Profit growth from increasing market share in Campeiro is significantly higher than Minerva soap oMargins for la undry detergent is superior to soap ($2520 per ton vs. $1250 per ton) oPowder market is experiencing a higher growth (17%) compared to that of soap (6%) o Increase New Campeiro market share by 6% would have and additive benefit of 1.38MM in year 1 and 2.21 MM in year 3, compared to 1.19 and 1.42 if we increase Minerva soap market share by 5% (See exhibit 2) Increasing market share in soap is already a big challenge given the fragmented market Campeiro has a strong brand name by giving it a new feature such as smell, it can separate itself from the generic Invicto and other smaller producers of no frills powdersRD cost of formulating should be low as Unilever already has a fragrance-based brand Minerva represent of matching fragrance / softness is too prohibitive for ASA and other small, regional competitors Cannibalization is optimized cannibalization % is better if Campeiro targets smell / softness instead of whiteness (see Exhibit 1) Campeiro is a better extension candidate th an Minerva as Campeiro has a better break-even cannibalization rate (See Exhibit 1) Significant barriers to entry also make it difficult for additional firms to compete at this price point Using specialty store distribution makes sense as low-income NE residents tend to shop at smaller supermarkets Improvement to Unilever brand image as being at the forefront of helping rural BrazilPotential DrawbacksThere is still risk that a fragrance / softness based brand extension will cannibalize Minerva beyond the threshold calculated, thereby decreasing profit Cost of re-formulating Campeiro may be higher than pass judgment Unilever already owns a 75% market share therefore, there is a finite additional share for Campeiro to absorb Unilever premium brand equity may suffer as Unilever makes investment in lower-end products Most low-income household do not own washing machines, so it would be hard to absorb additional market share currently owned by competitors soap brands with a powder prod uct There is always the risk that ever-changing socioeconomic and policy-making factors will defer target segment from purchasing powderConclusionBased on the analysis above, our team believes that the appropriate strategy to grow in the low-income NE market would be to extend the existing Campeiro brand while keeping the same price point. Distribution through specialty stores instead of wholesale will best position Unilever to grow in this high-margin, high-growth market.

Human Trafficking And Sexual Exploitation Criminology Essay

Human Trafficking And Sexual Exploitation Criminology EssayWhen I was in Holland in August 1999, I was curious to see Amsterdams Red Light District for myself. Then it was the alone place I knew in the world where whoredom was legal and confuse heard that women pose in window inviting customers in. I was with a friend and she started taking pictures of the women in the windows. When my friend took an opposite picture when we were in the middle of the walkway, a prostitute came from behind her window, descendent on us furiously, grabbed the camera and violently removed the film from the camera. We were stunned, apologised profusely and hurriedly tried to specify our way. A man came from somewhere and explained that taking pictures were prohibited. At that time I, like most people, have non heard about military individualnel trafficking.The issue of gracious trafficking has received considerable attention in the last ten course of instructions from researchers, non-governmental organisations, governments and international bodies the world over. Like most countries, southern Africa too is a signatory to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (generally referred to as the Palermo Protocol). We formally consented to the Palermo Protocol in December 2003. Thus, as a nation we be obligated to suss out that our internal laws address the issue of human trafficking.Human trafficking has been called a heinous, monstrous,1crime against humanity2. It has also been coined modern-day slavery. Human trafficking can take the form of informal exploitation, labour exploitation, slavery, illegal adoptions, removal of organs and other embody parts, for conveying doses nationally and internationally. However, as much as the issue has been discussed and debated, it has contri aloneed to the hype surrounding FIFA humans Cup 2010 and how human trafficking for depend onual exploitative purposes bequeath increase even though there is no resea rch to draw from during the soccer world cup. This led to discussions and human cosmoss outcry on whether or not to legalise prostitution and whether South Africa need a specific legislation dealing with human trafficking.When I wrote my proposal, I considered several key heighten argonas. It soon became apparent that callable to limitations much(prenominal)(prenominal) as time and length of paper, that I needed to reduce the key focalize areas. Consequently I have decided for this paper, to focus on description of traffickingthe causes of traffickingexplore prostitution and whether or not it should be legalisedexplore legislative developments pertaining to trafficking custodial measures available to victims of trafficking.Research MethodologyThe research methodology consisted majorly of in-depth desktop research on trafficking of adults, and not people under the age of 18 years, for purposes of energizeual exploitation. ofttimes has been written about human trafficking, bu t it is still difficult to find reliable studies thereof. Some of these factors include deficiencies in methodology defining trafficking high levels of mobility and the impedance nature of trafficking links to organised crime victims fears and unwillingness to participate in research and potential dangers to researchers.3Gould and Fick wrote that they failed to find a single prostitute who said she was being obligated by unscrupulous pimps to sell trip against her will.4This does not mean that there are no victims of energise trafficking in and around Cape Town.I thought I could draw on an article written by Immelback Interviewing a Victim of Human Trafficking.5Upon closer look I realised that she did not interview a victim of human trafficking, but interviewed the Victim Assistance team who utilisations with victims of trafficking.As it is difficult6to set up interviews with victims of sex trafficking due to a host of reasons, including psycheal, I abandoned interviewing the m for this paper due to my limitations. I decided to instead research movies and or documentaries that depict human trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation. I will reflect on one of such movies, namely the movie Taken where Liam Neeson plays the role of a concerned and heroic father, whose daughter and friend have been trafficked for purposes of sexual exploitation, and he lengths he went to rescue them.Throughout the paper I will try to avoid preferring to victims in the feminine form, even if the majority of the persons who victims of sex trafficking are women. This is to prevent sexism in my writing.7A Review Of The LiteratureDefining Human TraffickingOne of most debated issues of human trafficking is the definition of human trafficking. Article 3 of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (Palermo Procol) defines trafficking astrafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons by means of the scourge or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the subvert of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or social welfares to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include at a minimum the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour of services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organsthe consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation set forth in subparagraph (a) of this Article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set out in paragraph (a) have been used just about countries have taken the definition verbatim when they drafted their anti-trafficking laws. Kara8undertook several research trips to investigate human trafficking on four continents. He questions whether the definition is subpa ragraph 3(a) includes exploitation.9He opines that the wording only speaks to the movement portion of the chain, which explains why anti-trafficking law focus on movement more than exploitation10. He argues that trafficking is not about movement, it is about slavery.11He writes that received anti-trafficking efforts primary seek to crack down on modern-day slave traders, resulting in little more than adjustments in routes, larger bribes to b site guards, and the procurement of dishonest travel documents.12He suggests that a much clearer understanding of sex trafficking is required- wherein the movement and the purpose of the movement are disaggregated as criminal acts- to achieve greater emancipationist effectiveness.13He suggests two definitions which could be used to eradicate sex trafficking, namelySlave trading- process of acquiring, recruiting, harbouring, receiving, or transporting an individual, through any means and for any distance, into a condition of slavery or slave-l ike exploitation.14Slavery- process of coercing labour or other services from a captive individual, through any means, including exploitation of bodies or body parts.He argues breaking the definition into different parts should be effective when formulating efforts to combat the crime of sex trafficking, and that confusion over what trafficking is results in blunted purpose, diffracted focus and exclusion of important components of trafficking-related crimes.15The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) Tsireledzani 2010 report dealt with the problems of trafficking. They have expanded the definition of trafficking to include trafficking within national borders forced jointures child labour fertilization of a female against her will for the purposes of selling her child when born and trafficking of body parts.16In South Africa Gould and Fick created a stir with their controversial research on sex trafficking in Cape Town. They argue that the definition is too broad17and that there seem to no agreement on what could be considered as exploitation18. another(prenominal) criticism of the definition by Gould and Fick is the issue of consent of the victim being irrelevant.19They opine that by ignoring the fact that the victim consented to be trafficked, is to ignore the specific inescapably of the victim, especially the victim who do not wish to return home to the same circumstances that led the victim to be trafficked in the first place.20Gould and Fick quit that critiques would suggest that the term trafficking may not be a useful lens through which to consider issues of exploitation and abuse in the sex work industry.21Sex trafficking and prostitution are lots perceived as two sides of the same coin. However, it is not. It is important to differentiate between sex trafficking and prostitution.With sex traffickingthe person is being exploited to perform sex workthe person is not carryly paid, but money might be sent to the victims familythe person is compelle d to do the sex workthe person is not in a position to stop working un slight the person escapethe person does not have autonomy of movement- it is circumscribethe person is not able to talk over a rate, fee, hoursthe person is not able to negotiate the sexual actsthe person is not able to negotiate true(p) sexual practicesWith prostitution, however, the sex workeris paid directly (if the person is based at a brothel, money might be paid either to person self or the person managing the brothel)can decide to stop wheneverchoose to do the sex work due personal circumstancescan negotiate sexual actscan negotiate safe sexual practicescan negotiate the rate, fee and hoursis able to enrapture freedom of movementcan still enjoy life as a person (fall in love, have babies, etc)Why does sex trafficking occur?The root causes of trafficking are complex, the vulnerability resulting from poverty is a major contributor.22The HSRC list pull factors such as economic inequality, conflicts, adopt ion trade, the use of organs or body parts in rituals.23They list poverty and deprivation, continual unemployment, gender discrimination, lack of information and education, harmful socio-cultural practices and lack of legislative and policy protection as push factors.24They also cite issues such as disempowerment, kindly exclusion, and economic vulnerability- the result of policies and practices- marginalise entire groups of people, rendering them vulnerable to being trafficked.25The general perception is that only men are traffickers. Women are also come to in human trafficking, not only as victims, but also as traffickers.26It has been found that traffickers are also women, as mainly Mozambican women in partnership with their compatriots and South African men who transport trafficked victims from Maputo to Johannesburg or Durban.27Victims trafficked to Europe are recruited by Malawian businesswomen.28Kara argues that sex trafficking occurs because it is a lucrative business.29H e equates sex trafficking with drug trafficking.30He states that drug trafficking generate greater dollar revenues, but sex trafficking is more profitable.31Unlike a drug, a human does not have to be grown, cultivated, distilled, or packaged.32Unlike a drug, a human can be used by the customer again and again.3334It generates profits through the vulgar and wanton wipeout of lives.35Kara describes several five ways how sex slaves are acquired, namely deceit, sale by family, abduction, seduction or romance, or recruitment by motive sex slaves.36Each of these ways will be briefly illustrated below.DeceitDeceit involves false job offers, travel, or other income-generating opportunity, false marriage offers (mail order brides).37He opine that in countries where marriage is the only way for a female to secure social acceptance, basic rights, and avoid a lifetime of persecution, false marriage offers are effective ways to acquire sex slaves.38People living in refugee camps are very susce ptible to sex trafficking as they are oft not allowed to leave the camp to seek employment.39Traffickers visiting refugee camps with job offers are usually very successful in getting people.40Sale by or contact of family membersI first encountered family involvement when I read a news article.41The article said that police had rescued a seventeen year old teenage girl from Klerksdorp from a brothel in Table View.42It alleged that the mother of the teenager knew the brothel owner and have promised her daughter that she will be working as a child minder.43Did the mother knew that her daughter will be expected to do sex work? Poverty, desperation and excision lead many families to sell a family member into slavery, and that they seldom are sold for greed.44Parents are often forced by poverty and ignorance to enlist their children, hoping to benefit from their wages and sustain the deteriorating family economic situation.45AbductionPeople are rarely abducted into sex trafficking, bec ause it is difficult to transport person without drawing attention. People are also abducted in and from conflict zones and forced to serve as sex slaves to rebel commanders or are sold as slaves.46Kara says that not only is the abducted victim unwilling to travel, but also will to escape at any opportunity.47If a person is abducted into sex trafficking, the person is usually also drugged to facilitate easier movement.Seduction or RomanceVictims are also lured into trafficking by promises of love and marriage. Traffickers would find attractive and vulnerable people (more often girls), offering them love and marriage, treating them to expensive gifts, seducing them to migrate to a rich countrified where they can build a life together.48Once the victim reaches the other country, they are forced into sexual slavery.49Recruitment by former slavesThis too might be difficult to comprehend, but people are also recruited by other victims of trafficking.50Sex slaves employ adaptive mechanis ms to survive their ordeals, including drug and alcohol abuse and the morose acceptance that their fate.51In East Africa, Ugandan women working as prostitutes in the Gulf States lure young girls from their country because they are usually preferred by male clients.52Lastly, Kara controversially opines that the United States is more responsible than any other nation for the inimical accretion in human exploitation, trafficking, slavery since the fall of the Berlin Wall. He notes that through the International Monetary Fund and other institutions, the US government rapidly imposed its particular brand of unfettered market economics upon the developing world, unleashing catastrophic increases in poverty, social upheaval, mass migration and lawlessness.53Should sex work be legalised?When dealing with the issue of sexual exploitation, the question is often raised whether or not to legalised or to decriminalise prostitution. Kara too addresses this in his research. He writes that the arg ument that prostitution be legalised rests on the premise that women have a right to control their bodies.54He indicates that legalisation would mean that prostitutes could enjoy the same benefits that other occupations do.55Legalisation would also allow for state monitoring to ensure that prostitutes were less subject to violence and exploitation and that it would make it more difficult to traffic people for sexual exploitation because victims would have rights under the law, and that criminalising prostitution leads to increased exploitation of trafficking victims.56Those who are against legalising prostitution argue that purchasing sex and operating sex establishments should be criminalised because prostitution can never be a choice and that the calling is inherently based on a system of male sexual dominance, appropriating the female body for pleasure and reinforcing the subordination and sexual objectification of women.57He further writes that legalisation gives protection to brothel owners to purchase trafficking victims and inflict greater exploitation behind closed, but legal doors.58He writes that only governments, organized crime, and pimps benefit from legalisation and women and children cope with state-sanctioned rape and slavery.59He does not elaborate on how governments benefit from legalising prostitution.Kara investigated two countries, the Netherlands and Sweden legislation regarding prostitution. The Netherlands have legalised prostitution and Sweden has criminalised it. Even though prostitution was legal in Amsterdam, brothels were not until October 2000, when the ban was lifted to enable the Dutch government to exercise more control over the sex industry and counter abuses.60Brothel owners are issued licences if they are in form with certain standards, including panic buttons in work areas, hot and cold running water, and free condoms.61National Legislative frameworkSince South Africa signed and ratified the Palermo Protocol, we had to ensure that we enact legislation in accordance. The US Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons 2010 report ranked South Africa as Tier 2. This means that our government do not fully with the Trafficking Victims Protection toys (TPVA) minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring us into compliance with those standards.Currently our anti-trafficking law is in draft stage, and it is not known if and when the bill will become law. It has been stated that we have several laws that deals with aspects of human trafficking, inter alia the Childrens Act 38 of 2005 (Chapter 18- sections 281 to 291) Films and Publications Board 65 of 1996 Human Tissues Act 65 of 1983 The Corruption Act 94 of 1992 Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 Infringement of in-migration Act 13 of 1996 Refugee Act 130 of 1998 and Extradition Act 67 of 1962. I will discuss these legislative provisions contained in the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and connect Matters) Amendment Ac t62as well as the Prevention and Combating Trafficking in Persons bill (2009).The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment ActThe Sexual Offences Act (SOA) can be used in the interim to charge and prosecute traffickers and victims of trafficking. Section 70 and 71 of the SOA are transitional provisions relating to trafficking. Section 70 deals with application and definition and section 71 deals with trafficking in persons for sexual purposes.Section 70 states that70(b) trafficking includes the supply, recruitment, procurement, capture, removal. Transportation, transfer, harbouring, sale, disposal, or receiving of a person, within or across the borders of the Republic, by means ofa threat of harmthe threat or use of force, intimidation or other forms of coercionabductionfrauddeception or false pretencesthe abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability, to the extent that the complainant is inhibited from indicating his or her unwillingness or resistance to be ing trafficked, or unwillingness to participate in such an act orthe giving or receiving of payments, compensation, rewards, benefits or any other advantagesfor the purpose of any form or manner of exploitation, grooming or abuse of a sexual nature of such person, including the commission of any sexual offence or any offence of a sexual nature in any other law against such person, whether committed in or outside the borders of the Republic, and trafficks and trafficked have a corresponding meaning.Section 71 reads71(1) Any person (A) who trafficks any person (B) without consent of B, is guilty of the offence of trafficking in persons for sexual purposes.71(2) A person who-orders, commands, organises, supervises, controls or directs traffickingperforms any act which is aimed at committing, causing, bringing about, encouraging, promoting, modify towards or participating in trafficking orincites, instigates, commands, aids, advises, recruits, encourages or procures any other person to commit, cause, bring about, promote, perform, contribute towards or participates in trafficking, is guilty of an offence of involvement in trafficking in persons for sexual purposes.71(3) For the purpose of subsection (1), consent means voluntary or uncoerced agreement.The SOA elaborates further on the circumstances. It states that71(4) Circumstances in which B does not voluntarily or without coercion agree to being trafficked, as contemplated in subsection (3), include, but are not limited to, the followingwhere B submits or is subjected to such an act as a result of any one or more of the means or circumstances contemplated in subparagraphs (i) to (vii) of the definition of trafficking having been used or being present orwhere B is incapable in law of appreciating the nature of the act, including where B is, at the time of the commission of such act-asleepunconsciousin an altered state of consciousness, including under the influence of any medicine, drug, alcohol or other substan ce, to the extent that Bs consciousness or judgement is adversely affected.71(5) Any person who has been trafficked is not liable to stand trial for any criminal offence, including any migration-related offence, which was committed as a direct result of being trafficked.Any act of trafficking which is not included in sections 70 and 71 of the SOA, such as kidnapping,assault (common, and assault GBH), extortion, slavery, attempted attain, and murder have to beprosecuted under general statutory or common law offences.63Malachi v Cape Dance Academy International Pty Ltd OthersIn a recent reportable case of Tatiana Malachi v Cape Dance Academy Others64, even though the legal question did not deal with human trafficking, I think that it was a case of human trafficking. The facts are cited as follows.Applicant is a citizen of the Republic of Moldova. She was employed as an exotic dancer at a nightclub managed by the first respondent (Cape Dance Academy International PTY LTD) and second respondent (House of Rasputin Properties PTY LTD). On her arrival in South Africa during March 2009, applicator handed her passport to the owner of Rasputin. Applicant was initially informed that her passport would be kept for 30 days in order to have it registered at the Police station. Second respondent subsequently kept applicants passport during the entire period of her employment. The owner of second respondent informed applicant that he would not return her passport unless the applicant paid him $2000 for her air ticket and R20 000 as a levy. The applicant was unable to pay either of these amounts, as she was not earning fit income during her employment with second respondent.The applicant was to remain in custody pending the return date, which was to be 30 July 2009. If the applicant furnished adequate and satisfactory security for the total claim of R100 000 plus interest and costs, the applicant would be released from custody and the order for arrest discharged. The appl icant had no assets of any tangible value in South Africa and therefore was unable to furnish adequate and satisfactory security. By agreement between the parties, the first and second respondents secured the discharge of the arrest warrant by the third respondent and the applicant was released from the custody on 24 July 2009.Applicant sought and received the assistance of the Consul General of Russia to facilitate her return to her home country Moldova. Prior to her departure from South Africa on 9 July 2009, applicant was arrested and taken into custody at Pollsmoor Prison. The arrest was made pursuant to a court order issued by the third respondent ex parte on 9 July 2009 and warrant of arrest tanquam suspectus de fuga.If we interpreted sections 70 and 71 as is, based on the facts of this case, Ms Malachi arrived in March 2009 and employed as an exotic dancer. It not evident from the facts how she got to be employed as an erotic dancer. Lets for

Arguments For And Against Organic Food Environmental Sciences Essay

Arguments For And Against Organic nourishment Environmental Sciences EssayThe extreme application has grown rapidly over the tolerate decade particularly in the agricultural sector today, over thirty million hect argons are being organically managed in 118 countries (Yusuf Wilber, 2007). Organic crops are make using biological and ecological farming techniques which exclude the expenditure of pesticides and fertilizers in addition, these products are characterized by a strong brand image which means that they direct melloweder prices among retailers. On the other mass, inorganic products are characterized by monocultures, mechanization, and extensive use of chemical compounds in order to claim them. The inorganic product industry developed primarily as a consequence of technological advancement the Second World War during this period, major breakthroughs such as the Haber Bosch process were apply to promote the development of organic produce.The organic industry has many reachs over its inorganic counterpart research published by the Journal of Applied fodder (2001) revealed that organic food products read more nutrients than inorganic foods this is due to the fact that organically grown food contains hexadty three percent more calcium, 70 three percent more iron, eighteen percent more magnesium and ninety eight percent more zinc minerals. jibe to the Journal of Food and Agricultural Chemistry (2003), organically grown strawberry, corn and marionberries have considerably greater levels of anti cancer oxidants than inorganically grown food products. The research upgrade suggests that inorganic methods such as the use of herbicides and pesticides inhibit the growth of natural protective compounds in food such as anti ageing, anti immune, and anti cancer properties.The European Clinical Nutrition Journal (2008) found that the average level of nutrients in eleven organically produced products was almost twice as high compared to inorganically pro duced products. Therefore in the long run if the country chooses to enhance and promote the organic industry it will exit to several benefits such as compressd fertilizer, machinery and fuel cost organic practices will besides earn the industry a significant amount of carbon credits which they can administer in the carbon credit market (Kipper, 2001).The stock warrant of organic industry in the economy will also encourage organic labeling. This kind of evidence will enable consumers to have confidence in organic products improve record-keeping in order to maintain organic security and create an opportunity for both producers and consumers to understand organic certification standards. Unlike inorganic products which lack clear accreditation standards, organic certification and accreditation ensure that the organic industry adheres to high quality product standards. This certification system has two major comp hotshotnts 1.A code of conduct, standards, criteria and guidelines for product certification. 2. Monitoring instrument which assures that inorganic products are produced in accordance with certification principles.Organic industries also prevent long distant transportation of food the average distance covered in transporting organically produced products is over 1800 miles while that of transporting inorganic products is 2500 miles Therefore inorganic industries consume a lot of energy and fossil fuels which leads to high carbon dioxide emissions. (FAO, 2002), on the other hand, its relatively cheap to transport organic products since they are often produced near the consumers. The endorsement of organic industry and organic products will lead to three forms of biodiversity i.e. genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity and species diversity. This will dramatically improve the environment. According to Evans and Grice (2005) organic industries reduce green house emissions by over forty percent which slows down global warming effects.Another benefit w hich will chair in supporting organic industries is long term productivity and food hostage. According to FAO (2003), organic farming has a higher potential of ensuring food security in both developed and developing countries. Rundgren (2006) published an objective analysis of the contribution of organic industries to food security. He summarized that although inorganic industries can be utilise to solve food insecurity issues, its capital intensive and depends on chemical inputs which tend to reduce biodiversity. On the other hand, organic industries can tremendously add food production without causing environmental degradation or loss of biodiversity.A study conducted by The Centre for Disease Control (2009) revealed that inorganic industries produce many toxic chemicals which often result to befoulment of water supplies. These toxins have tested positive in blood and urine test of most citizens. In addition, the Centre for Disease Control found a cocktail of toxins and synth etic chemicals in most living organisms. Peer reviewed research has proven that most of these chemicals can dis happen nervous and immune systems, as wellspring as disruption of hormone levels. The FAO report (2002) clearly states, It has been proven that foods produced using organic methods have lesser levels of synthetic chemicals, lower nitrate content and lower veterinary drug residue. Animal feeding practices used in organic livestock production drastically decreases contamination of animal origin products. p .119 .In light of these facts, promoting the growth of organic industries will prevent these problems as well as curb the escalating rise in cancers such as leukemia, lymphorma, uterine and breast cancers which are linked to synthetic chemical use. Similarly, the advancement of organic industries and products will curb the spread of autoimmune industries caused by inorganic chemical compounds. Surveys conducted in regions which undertake intensive organic practices have found that cases of Hodgkins lymphoma disease are almost inexistent on the other hand cases of the same disease is fast growing in regions which have many inorganic industries as well as regions undertaking inorganic practices.Another benefit of adopting organic industries is the development of diversified landscapes as well as aesthetic values (Haltom Scalia, 2002). These industries also encourage the creation of semi natural habitats by maintaining biological connectivity which benefits both nature and agricultural conservation while still pursuing economic objectives. Its can therefore be accurately concluded that organic industries lead to greater aesthetic gains when compare to inorganic industries.Adoption of organic practices and industries offer greater social benefits than inorganic ones. For example, all organic products which have been certified fiddle world-wide Organic Federation standards. These industries also conform to UN charter of human rights thus they ensure that they have safe working environments abide by International Labor Organization laws provide essential social security needs to employees and offer equal opportunities as well as adequate wages careless(predicate) of gender, creed and color. Accredited organic industries ensure the rights of indigenous people are respected and rarely are they involved in lawsuits due to exploitation of inhabitants, in the long run these industries provide a lot of social benefits.According to FAO (2002) the general social benefits which are directly linked to organic production systems are First, tendency for these industries to align to traditions of inhabitants and less motivation to follow production paradigm i.e. increasing output via artificial inputs. Secondly, they depend on local knowledge of complex interactions of conditions from place to place this usually makes it unfavorable to use large production areas. This encourages reduced land and farm sizes thus enhance equitable access to l and.The endorsement of organic industry in the economy also promotes social justice and fair trade products this is particularly done through fair trade certification of organic produce. Organic certification considers reasonable wage in its standards thus ensuring that all certified organic industries are aligned with principles of fair trade. Furthermore, research conducted by the US bureau of Labor Statistics reveals that eighty six percent of firms in the organic industry have favorable gender distribution as well as promote women representation in senior management positions. Organic industries also stimulate the local economy by using local inputs and reduce the purchase of inputs on credit this is in sharp contrast to inorganic industries which use imported inputs.Many firms in the organic agricultural industry use crop diversification, different harvesting and planning schedules related to crop rotation practices which evenly distribute labor demand throughout the year. They also ensure perceptual constancy in employment, reduce labor migration problems, spread the costs incurred per employee throughout the year and reduce turnover. Finally, diversity in production created by organic industries and value added products progress income generating opportunities they also spread the odds of failure over a broad range of products and crops.The US Society for Cultural Development, a private nonprofit system conducted research and noted that over seventy certified organic firms had were members of democratic cooperatives and adhered to fair trade requirements. The study revealed that over eighty six percent of the firms paying employees salaries which had social premiums in order to improve quality of life. In addition, the organic movement has a consensus in support of the fact that social requirements are requisite even though many critics argue that pursuing these social standards impose trade barriers and restrictions to organic exports.Loir (2002) s tudied forty indicators of benefits of organic industry and products in US counties. A statistical comparison and analysis showed that twenty six indicators were in favor of organic systems while eight favored organic systems, six were neutral. The studies suggest that regions with organic farms have better farm economies and add more to county economies through net revenue, total sales, maintenance services, repair, payroll and taxes paid. Additionally, counties with many organic farms have better rural development support with greater direct consumer sales, higher worker pay and greater direct-customer sales.Organic industries also provide a mechanism for generating foreign exchange. Unlike inorganic industries which tend to import inputs, organic industries export more of their produce especially when they are internationally certified. In addition, international organic markets such as the European Union, Switzerland and Japan have well developed infrastructure and channels for successful exportation. Unlike inorganic products which usually have one channel of selling distribution, inorganic industries have many players such as foreign offices, foreign retail supermarket chains, organic marketing organizations etc. The premium attached to organic farming greatly benefits the economy as a whole. This premium has been estimated to as much as twenty percent above that of inorganic products.In conclusion, the growth of organic industries and products will continue to outpace that of its inorganic counterpart. Attractive premium prices in the lucrative export market, social and environmental benefits will continue to boost organic firms. Governments and state support are also likely to promote organic systems through legislating certification, export and market advice, development and research. state of matter institutions and private corporations are increasingly admitting that it might be more cost effective to promote and encourage organic systems rather t han rectify problems caused by inorganic industries e.g. environmental degradation.

Theoretical Framework for Research Study

Theoretical Framework for Research StudyChapter 3 Research methodology3.0 OverviewAs chapter 1 had discussed about the introduction to the research and chapter 2 had provided an insight into the literature review, chapter 3 would be focusing on the research methodology that would be carried out during the course of the research. In essence, it is the foundation of how data would be collected and analyzed.Chapter 3 would begin by discussing on the theoretical framework designed specifically for this paper, encompassing and providing an overview and relationships of all the variables present in this research. From then on, 3.2 would discuss about the different tenors of hypotheses development and the chosen method for the researchers hypotheses. Proceeding through, 3.3 would discuss about the consume design, or in other words, how the researcher intends to represent the gull community. This section also gives detailed steps on the researchers planned implementation of a pilot p rogram test, the take in design method employ and the sampling procedures that would be initiated.Section 3.4 would then touch base on the data collection methods that would be used by the researcher, both secondary and primary sources. The data analysis section would be under 3.5, where techniques regarding the methods of data analysis and hypotheses testing would be discussed.Chapter 3 would then conclude with a chapter summary at 3.6.3.1 Theoretical FrameworkThe theoretical framework has been created to be a conceptual framework of how one theorizes or makes licit sense of the relationships among the factors that have been identified as important to the problem (Sekaran, 2003). It is real to have an insight into the inter-relationships among the variables that exist in this research.Throughout this research, there ar 3 set of variables have been identified to be of utmost grandness to the researcher and can be categorized as the dependent and independent, and moderating var iable. The dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the researcher, in stray to predict its unevenness. This variable is often known as the outcome variable. In this research, the dependent variable refers to the bribe of sumptuosity goods by Generation Y. The independent variables on the other hand, are the factors that square off the dependent variable in a positive or contradict way or in this context, the factors that influence the purchase of luxury goods. Figure 3.1 provides an insight into the relationship between both set of variables.3.2 Hypotheses DevelopmentA conjecture can be defined as a supposition made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting percentage point for further investigation (www.askoxford.com).Generally, reference group influence is a group of people influences the individuals behaviour. They give the knowledge and provide the awareness to specific brands or products. The reference groups influence can be affected through pe er, families, celebrities and others are the key that etermine the purchase decision of Generation Y. People tend to behave in consistency with a frame of reference produced by the groups to which they belong (Bearden and Etzel 1982). Therefore, this study believes that the association exits between reference groups influence and purchase of luxury goods. To empirically proven this association, the primary hypothesis of this study is formed as followedH1 There is a world-shattering relationship between reference groups influence and purchase of luxury goods.The conspicuous phthisis is used to display wealth, power and status. Veblenian consumers attach a greater importance to price as an indicator of prestige because they wan to impress others. Price of the products prepare the smell of the products which used by the consumers to judge the products. The researches show that conspicuousness of a product was positively related to its susceptibility to reference group influence (V igneron and Johnson, 1999). Besides that, personal identity or self concept also has been display from the consumers to show the status and wealth. The conspicuous consumption had dominated in numerous researches, and it can be utter that conspicuous is important to be identify as perceived value (Vigneron and Johnson, 1999). Thus, the following hypothesis is formed for the association between perceived conspicuous valley and purchase of luxury goods.H2 There is a significant relationship between perceived conspicuous value and purchase of luxury goods.The perfectionist effect exists when consumers purchase luxury items and expects superior products and performance as well as attribute (Vigneron and Johnson,1999). The research conducted by Barnier, Rodina, Florence (2005) found that quality is the main criteria lead to luxury purchase. According to Luong Thi Bich Thuy (2008), the consumers quality perception would play a positive role over his or her perception of prestige over the same brand if the consumer perceived the brand as having an excellent level of quality. Thus, the following hypothesis is formed for the association between perceived quality vale and purchase of luxury goods.H3 There is a significant relationship between perceived quality value and purchase of luxury goods.Brand image can be defines as perceptions about a brand as reflected by the brand associations held in consumer memory (Keller, 1993 Cheng, 2006 Rio, Varques, Iglesias, 2001). It influences consumer perception and crucial to purchase choice. Consumers able to evaluate the products, lower the purchase risk, obtain discover and recognize the product differentiation through brand image. According to Grewal, Krishnan, Baker, and Borin (1998), the better a brand image is, the more recognition consumers give to its product quality. Thus, the fourth hypothesis of study is as followH4 There is a significant relationship between brand image and purchase of luxury goods. aesthetics ha ve strong influence on purchase of luxury good and it should always be the case according to Dubois, Laurent, Czellar (2001). Aesthetics reflects a sensory retort in an audience such as satisfaction, pleasure or affect. The aesthetics dimension is composed of design, colour and style that create beauty, they are of primary importance (Barnier, Rodina, Florence, 2005). The research also proved that French, Russian and UK consumers have a hedonic approach for luxury derived from aesthetics which Aesthetics dimension in France earned the highest position, 29%, in comparison to Russia, 19% and the UK, 15%. Hence, the fifth hypothesis is formed for the association between aesthetics and purchase of luxury goods.H5 There is a significant relationship between aesthetics and purchase of luxury goods.3.3 Population and Sampling3.3.1 PopulationPopulation can be defined as original flake of inhabitants constituting a particular race, class, or group in a specified area. (http//www.answers.c om/topic/population, no date). With reference to the topic at hand, the researcher has set that the target population for this research would be the Generation Y in Malaysia. Even the generation Y has been defined as born in between 1977 and 1994 by Horovitz (2002) and Sriviroj 2007, the study would survey specifically generation Y who are aged between 20 and 29 which focus on the college students, university students and young working adults.3.3.2 polisher Test for QuestionnairePilot test is a smaller version of a larger study that is conducted to prepare for that study to ensure that the moods or methods behind a research idea are sound, as well as to work out the kinks in a study protocol before launching a larger study. (http//ms.about.com/od/newsresearch/g/pilot_study.htm, no date). In this research, the researcher intends to conduct a pilot study containing 10 questionnaires to university students in Multimedia University Melaka in order to justify the content and reliabilit y of the questionnaire. This is done as the researcher feels that the students in the University campus serve as a just representation of the intended target population. The feedback from the respondents depart be corrected before distributing to the targeted respondent.3.3.3 Sampling Design MethodA sample of the population can be drawn from one of two ways, both in the form of opportunity sampling or non probability sampling.Sekaran (2003) described that when elements in a population have a known chance of creation chosen as subjects in the sample, we resort to probability sampling design. There are several forms of probability sampling. The first is simple random sampling which also known as nonsensitive sampling. In a simple random sample (SRS) of a given size, all such subsets of the frame are given an equal probability. Each element of the frame thus has an equal probability of selection. Simple random sampling is also known as unrestricted sampling. The other form is known as restricted or complex probability sampling. The main difference between the two is that efficiency is improved in that more information can be obtained for a given sample size using some of the complex probability sampling procedures (Sekaran, 2003). Example of this form of sampling is the stratified random sampling method where the population is divided into subgroups and subsequently sub samples.On the flipside, Sekaran (2003) stated that non probability sampling designs are those where elements in the population do not have any probabilities attached to being chosen as sample subjects. One popular mode in this build on sampling is the convenience or accidental sampling method. It is one that is simply available to the researcher by virtue of its accessibility (Bryman and Bell, 2003). The selection of units from the population is found on easy availability and/or accessibility in convenience sampling. The researcher intended to proceed with the convenience sampling method ba sed on two reasons. First of all, the data can be collected easily which is the main advantage and another advantage is that it is much cheaper to implement than probability sampling (Jankowicz, 2005).3.3.4 Sample SizeThe question of how legion(predicate) people should be in ones sample depends on the form of sampling adopted. Convenience sampling, sometimes called hitch or opportunity sampling, is the method of choosing items arbitrarily and in an unstructured manner from the frame. (www.wikipedia.com, no date). A total of 200 Generation Y would be surveyed in Malaysia.3.3.5 Sampling ProcedureThe sampling procedure would start once the feedback from the pilot study and the questionnaires for the survey is finalized. The questionnaires would be by printed handouts of by the researcher to the ecumenic public who fall under the age range of 20 to 29 years of age. This would typically be done in the State of Melaka, Kuala Lumpur and Pulau Pinang. A total of 500 printed questionnaire s would be given out in the process.3.4 Data Collection method3.4.1 Secondary DataThrough this research, secondary data is collected from principally journals especially in those area concerning consumer behavior and luxury goods, informational web rank, articles, and books. Previous researches from a variety of authors were found from databases that include Emerald, Google Scholar and others. These sources of data provided useful context information on the luxury goods market, as well as indicating investigations that had already been taken place.3.4.2 Primary DataSakaran (2003) stated data gathered for research from the actual site of occurrence of events are called primary data. The questionnaire willing be used as the primary method to collect primary data on the factors that influence Generation Y on purchase of luxury goods.3.5 Data summaryThere are 3 objectives in the usage of data analysis. Getting a feel for the data, testing the goodness of the data and testing the hyp otheses developed for the research (Sekaran, 2003). The first objective of getting a feel for the data is to get an idea of how the respondents reacted to the questionnaires and how they are answered. The second objective of testing the goodness of the data is to test the reliability of the data gathered. Lastly, is to test the hypotheses of the research with various research tools.3.5.1 Descriptive AnalysisDescriptive analysis will be conducted to examine the background of the respondent and the pattern of their responses. Frequency analysis will be carried out to study the background of the respondents that contribute in this study. The mean, range, standard deviation and variance would also be calculated using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) to show the variability of the data and gauge the pattern of the questions answered.3.5.2 Hypotheses TestingAfter the data is ready to be analyzed, the testing of the hypotheses would be the next logical step. There are many frequent hypothesis testing modules used by researchers to test their hypotheses. The researcher has decided to use the ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and Reliability Analysis for this research.3.6 Chapter SummaryIn this study, the framework has been developed to meet the objectives of the study. Hypotheses have been developed from the framework and questionnaire has been designed to collect the primary data for the study. Next, the sampling design and methods to obtain data were considered and discussed for this study. The results of the primary data will be analyzed by using SPSS. Results of the analysis and interpretation of the results are presented in the next chapter.

International and Strategic Marketing Essay -- Business Marketing

International and Strategic market The globalisation of business food markets from domestic to international has generated a unique competitive returns for all the organizations whose products and services are being welcomed by the customers all around the world demanding mass marketing efforts. In this regard, marketing research in the international environment is having different methodology and complications with respect to geographical boundaries of a specific country in which penetration and development of a product is required. Therefore, an international market planning with strategic aligned goal, for development in the global world should be the objective of marketers to captivate international market leadership. Introduction The gravity of globalization in todays modern era in the business world is increasing enormously due to faster means of communication, transportation, technology, and rapid monetary streams. The product that is being produced in a specific region does not have limitations of boundaries. A Russian student can be wearing Italian T-shirt, driving in a German car going to meet his friend in a Chinese restaurant. This example is not astonishing because it is a general practice and nowadays everybody can illustrate the true meaning of world global market place. Hence, marketers are required to analyze this gravity of globalization and have to consider international marketing in their strategic goal of marketing plan. Marketing is the well known concept of anticipating customer need or demand then analyzing how marketers are going to fulfill that demand or need and finally satisfying customer need or demand. If the customer is in truth satisfied by gauging th... ...Works CitedCateora Ph., and Graham, J.,(2002), International Marketing, 14th edition, (n.d) McGraw Hill.Davis, S.M., (1987), Future Perfect, New York, (n.d) Addison-Wesley.Hamel, G. and Prahalad, C.K, (1996), Competing for the Fut ure, (n.d) Harvard Business School PressKotler, Philip and Armstrong, Gray, (2008), Principles of Marketing, 12th edition, India Prentice HallKumar, V. (2000), International Marketing Research, N.J Prentice HallPayne, Results of Poor Cultural Awareness, (n.d) retrieved August 4, 2010 fromWind,Yoram, Douglas,Susan P. and Perlmutter, Howard V. (Apr., 1973), Guidelines for Developing International Marketing Strategies, The Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 14-23 , Retrieved 4 August,2010, from

Cubism Essay -- essays research papers

Pablo PicassoPablo Picassso was probably the most famous artist of the twentieth century. During his artistic career he created a large automobile trunk of work that consisted of sculptures, prints and ceramics, while experimenting with several different materials. Today Picasso is k todayn as one the forefathers of the artistic movement known as Cubism.Pablo Picasso was born on October 25th 1881, in Malaga, Spain, to Jose Ruiz and Maria Picasso. Rather than adopt the common name of his father, Picasso took the more unique last name of his mother as his own. "An artistic prodigy, Picasso at the old age of fourteen, completed the one month qualifying examination of the Academy of Fine Arts in Barcelona in one day." as stated by ( ). From in that location he went to the Academy of San Fernando in Madrid, returning to Barcelona in 1900. goes on to state that," Picasso attended one of the cities most famous cabarets of intellectuals and artist, El Quatre Gats." ( ).Du ring the year of 1901 until 1904, Picasso went through what is now regarded as his "Blue Period". Picasso Became fascinated with unique characters as his subject manner. He began to paint images that were full of anger and sorrow. Some believe that Picasso was experiencing an early mid-life crisis because of the national of his work.All that changed in 1905, when Picasso began to paint in a more colorful manner. He became intrigued by the lifestyle of traveling circus acts. He started to paint in mid...